Boronic acid derivatives and therapeutic uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are antimicrobial compounds compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, the use and preparation thereof. Some embodiments relate to boronic acid derivatives and their use as therapeutic agents. Other embodiments relate to pharmaceutical compositions containing boronic acid derivatives and additional excipient such as meglumine.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/749,210, filed Jan. 4, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/780,828, filed Mar. 13, 2013, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the fields of chemistry and medicine. More particularly, the present invention relates to boronic acid antimicrobial compounds, compositions, their preparation, and their use as therapeutic agents.

2. Description of the Related Art

Antibiotics have been effective tools in the treatment of infectious diseases during the last half-century. From the development of antibiotic therapy to the late 1980s there was almost complete control over bacterial infections in developed countries. However, in response to the pressure of antibiotic usage, multiple resistance mechanisms have become widespread and are threatening the clinical utility of anti-bacterial therapy. The increase in antibiotic resistant strains has been particularly common in major hospitals and care centers. The consequences of the increase in resistant strains include higher morbidity and mortality, longer patient hospitalization, and an increase in treatment costs.

Various bacteria have evolved β-lactam deactivating enzymes, namely, β-lactamases, that counter the efficacy of the various β-lactam antibiotics. β-lactamases can be grouped into 4 classes based on their amino acid sequences, namely, Ambler classes A, B, C, and D. Enzymes in classes A, C, and D include active-site serine β-lactamases, and class B enzymes, which are encountered less frequently, are Zn-dependent. These enzymes catalyze the chemical degradation of β-lactam antibiotics, rendering them inactive. Some β-lactamases can be transferred within and between various bacterial strains and species. The rapid spread of bacterial resistance and the evolution of multi-resistant strains severely limits β-lactam treatment options available.

The increase of class D β-lactamase-expressing bacterium strains such as Acinetobacter baumannii has become an emerging multidrug-resistant threat. A. baumannii strains express A, C, and D class β-lactamases. The class D β-lactamases such as the OXA families are particularly effective at destroying carbapenem type β-lactam antibiotics, e.g., imipenem, the active carbapenems component of Merck's Primaxin® (Montefour, K.; et al. Crit. Care Nurse 2008, 28, 15; Perez, F. et al. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2008, 6, 269; Bou, G.; Martinez-Beltran, J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000, 40, 428. 2006, 50, 2280; Bou, G. et al, J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000, 44, 1556). This has imposed a pressing threat to the effective use of drugs in that category to treat and prevent bacterial infections. Indeed the number of catalogued serine-based β-lactamases has exploded from less than ten in the 1970s to over 300 variants. These issues fostered the development of five “generations” of cephalosporins. When initially released into clinical practice, extended-spectrum cephalosporins resisted hydrolysis by the prevalent class A β-lactamases, TEM-1 and SHV-1. However, the development of resistant strains by the evolution of single amino acid substitutions in TEM-1 and SHV-1 resulted in the emergence of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype.

New β-lactamases have recently evolved that hydrolyze the carbapenem class of antimicrobials, including imipenem, biapenem, doripenem, meropenem, and ertapenem, as well as other β-lactam antibiotics. These carbapenemases belong to molecular classes A, B, and D. Class A carbapenemases of the KPC-type predominantly in Klebsiella pneumoniae but now also reported in other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. The KPC carbapenemase was first described in 1996 in North Carolina, but since then has disseminated widely in the US. It has been particularly problematic in the New York City area, where several reports of spread within major hospitals and patient morbidity have been reported. These enzymes have also been recently reported in France, Greece, Sweden, United Kingdom, and an outbreak in Germany has recently been reported. Treatment of resistant strains with carbapenems can be associated with poor outcomes.

Another mechanism of β-lactamase mediated resistance to carbapenems involves combination of permeability or efflux mechanisms combined with hyper production of beta-lactamases. One example is the loss of a porin combined in hyperproduction of ampC beta-lactamase results in resistance to imipenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Efflux pump over expression combined with hyperproduction of the ampC β-lactamase can also result in resistance to a carbapenem such as meropenem.

Thus, there is a need for improved β-lactamase inhibitors.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments disclosed herein include a compound having the structure of formula (I) or formula (I.1):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   G is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR¹R², —CH₂N₃,         —C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂S(O)₂NR¹R², —CH₂—Y—Z, —CH₂—Y—X,         and —SR³;     -   Y is selected from a group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,         —O—, and —NR¹—;     -   R is selected from a group consisting of —H, —C₁₋₉alkyl,         —CR¹R²OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR¹R²OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl, and

-   -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group         consisting of —H and —C₁₋₄alkyl;     -   R³ is —C₁₋₄alkyl;     -   R⁴ is present 1 to 3 times and each R⁴ is independently selected         from the group consisting of —H, —C₁₋₄alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₄alkyl,         S—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CF₃ and halogen;     -   Z is selected from the group consisting of aryl optionally         substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino, hydroxy, or halogen; and         heteroaryl optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino,         hydroxy, or halogen;     -   X is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₄alkyl, —CH₂R⁵,         —CH(R⁵)₂, and —C(R⁵)₃; and     -   R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of a halogen, cyano,         and azido group.

Some embodiments disclosed herein include a compound having the structure of formula II or formula II.1:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein G is selected from the group consisting of

Other embodiments disclosed herein include a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Other embodiments disclosed herein include a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Some embodiments disclosed herein include a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and one or more β-lactam antibacterial agents.

Other embodiments disclosed herein include a method of treating or preventing a bacterial infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound disclosed herein.

Some embodiments described herein include a pharmaceutical composition, comprising:

a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative; and

a compound of Formula (III):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

-   -   A is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl,         C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered         heterocyclyl;     -   X^(a) is —C(R^(g)R^(h))—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —NR¹—;     -   R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen,         optionally substituted —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —C(O)OR, optionally         substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, optionally         substituted —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)NR¹R², —S(O)₂NR¹R², —CN,         optionally substituted —S(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted         —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and a carboxylic acid isoster;     -   R^(b) is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen,         optionally substituted —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —C(O)OR, optionally         substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, optionally         substituted —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)NR¹R², —S(O)₂NR¹R², —CN,         optionally substituted —S(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted         —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and a carboxylic acid isoster, and     -   R^(c) is selected from the group consisting of —OH, optionally         substituted O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, or R^(b) and         R^(c) together with intervening atoms form a 5-8 membered boron         ester ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms         selected from Oxygen (O), Sulfur(S) or Nitrogen (N);     -   R^(d) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH,         optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, or         when R^(b) and R^(c) do not together form a 5-8 membered boron         ester ring, then optionally R^(c) and R^(d) together with         intervening atoms form a 5-15 membered boron ester or amide         ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected         from O, S, and N;     -   R^(e) is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally         substituted C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl,         optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and optionally         substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, or R^(d) and R^(e)         together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8         membered heterocyclic ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3         heteroatoms selected from O, S or N;     -   R^(f) is independently selected from the group consisting of —H,         —OH, C(O)G, —C(O)OG, —S(O)₂G, —C(═NR¹R²)G, —C(═NOR³)G,         optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted         —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, optionally         substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered         heteroaryl, and optionally substituted 3-10 membered         heterocyclyl;     -   R^(g) and R^(h) are each independently selected from the group         consisting of —H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —SC₁₋₆alkyl,         C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —NR¹C(O)R⁵,         —NR¹S(O)₂R³, —C(O)R⁵, —C(O)OR³-alkylaryl, optionally substituted         C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted —O—C₆₋₁₀aryl, —CN, optionally         substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted         —O-heteroaryl, optionally substituted 3-10 membered         heterocyclyl, —S(O)(R³)R⁴, —S(O)₂R³, —R¹—O—COOR³, or R^(g) and         R^(h) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a         C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or a 4-8 membered heterocyclyl;

R is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR⁵R⁶OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR⁵R⁶OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl, and

G is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —NR¹R², —CH₂N₃, —C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂S(O)₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—Z, —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—X, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—C(O)NR¹R², —SR³, —CH₂NR¹C(O)R⁵, —C(═NOR³)—X, —C(═NOR³)—Z, —C(O)OR³, —C(O)—X, —C(O)—Z, —S(O)₂R³, —C(O)NR¹OR³, —NR¹(OR³), —NR¹C(O)R³, —NR¹C(O)NR²R^(1a), —NR¹C(O)OR³, —NR¹S(O)₂R³, —NR¹S(O)₂NR²R^(1a), —NR¹NR²R^(1a), —C(O)NR¹NR²R^(1a), —S(O)₂NR¹NR²R^(1a), —C(═NR¹)R⁵, —C(═NR¹)NR²R^(1a), —NR¹CR³(═NR²), and —NR¹C(═NR²)NR^(1a)R^(2a), optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl;

-   -   X is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₉alkyl;     -   Y is selected from a group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,         —CH₂—, —O—, —O—CH₂—, —C(O)—, and —NR¹—;     -   Z is selected from optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, optionally         substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered         heteroaryl;     -   each R¹, R², R^(1a) and R^(2a) are independently selected from         the group consisting of —H, optionally substituted —C₁₋₁₀alkyl,         optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted         C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally         substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted         C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl;     -   R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —optionally         substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl-COOH, optionally substituted C₃₋₇         cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl,         optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted         5-10 membered heteroaryl;     -   each R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group         consisting of —H, —OH, —optionally substituted alkoxyl,         optionally substituted —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, optionally substituted         C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally         substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-8 membered         heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally         substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl;     -   R⁴ is present 1 to 5 times and each R⁴ is independently selected         from the group consisting of —H, —OH, halogen, —CF₃, C₁-C₆         alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, C₃-C₇ carbocyclyl,         5-10 membered heterocyclyl, aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl,         cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryloxy, sulfhydryl (mercapto),         and —(CH₂)_(m)—Y′—(CH₂)_(p)M′;     -   m and p are independently 0 to 3;     -   Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—,         —S(O)₂—, —O—, —CR⁵R⁶—, and —NR¹—;     -   M′ is selected from the group consisting of —C(O)NR¹R²;         —C(O)NR¹OR³; —NR¹C(O)R⁵; —NR¹C(O)NR²R^(1a); —NR¹C(O)OR³;         —NR¹S(O)₂R³; —NR¹S(O)₂NR²R^(1a); —C(═NR¹)R⁵; —C(═NR¹)NR²R^(1a);         —NR¹CR⁵(═NR²); —NR¹C(═NR²)NR^(1a)R^(2a); C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally         substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group         consisting, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵;         C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents         selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R²,         halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; C₆₋₁₀ aryl optionally         substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group         consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and         —NR¹C(O)R⁵; 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted         with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄         alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; and 4         to 10 membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 0-2         substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl,         —OR¹, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; and     -   each n is independently 0-3.

Some embodiments include a chemical complex, comprising a complex between a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative and a compound having the structure of formula (III) described herein.

Other embodiments disclosed herein include a method of treating or preventing a bacterial infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a composition disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, compounds that contain a boronic acid moiety are provided that act as antimicrobial agents and/or as potentiators of antimicrobial agents. Various embodiments of these compounds include compounds having the structures of Formulas I and II as described above or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Formula I

In some embodiments, for the compounds of Formula (I), each R⁴ can be independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —C₁₋₄alkyl, —OH, —O—C₁₋₄alkyl, and halogen; and Z can be selected from the group consisting of aryl optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino, hydroxy, or halogen and heteroaryl optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino, hydroxy, or halogen.

Some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts have the following stereochemistry as shown in the structure of formula (Ia) or formula (Ia.1):

In some embodiments, R in any of the preceding compounds is H.

In some embodiments, R can be —CR¹R²OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl or —CR¹R²OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl.

In some embodiments, R can be —CR¹R²OC(O)C₁₋₅alkyl or —CR¹R²OC(O)OC₁₋₅alkyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ in R can be H and R² in R can be H or —CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ can be selected from H, F, Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, and —SCH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ may be either ortho, para, or meta to the carboxylic acid moiety of the phenyl ring. In some embodiments, R⁴ in any of the preceding compounds is H.

In some embodiments, G in any of the preceding compounds is H.

In some embodiments, G can be —NR¹R². In some embodiments, G in any of the preceding compounds is NH₂.

In some embodiments, G can be —CH₂N₃.

In some embodiments, G in any of the preceding compounds is —C(O)NR¹R² and R¹ and R² are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl. In some such embodiments, R¹ is CH₃ and R² is CH₃.

In some embodiments, G is —CH₂C(O)NR¹R² and R¹ and R² are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl. In some such embodiments, R¹ is CH₃ and R² is CH₃.

In some embodiments, G can be —CH₂S(O)₂NR¹R², and R¹ and R² are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl.

In some embodiments, R³ in any of the preceding compounds is CH₃.

In some embodiments, G is —CH₂—Y—Z; Y is —S—; and Z is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, N-methylimidazole, aminoimidazole, triazole, N-methyl triazole, aminotriazole, tetrazole, N-methyltetrazole, aminotetrazole, thiazole, aminothiazole, thiadiazole, aminothiadiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine, azitidine, and piperdine. In some such embodiments, Z is N-methyltetrazole. In other embodiments, Z is thiadiazole. In other embodiments, Z is aminothiadiazole. In some embodiments, Z is azitidine.

In some embodiments, G is —CH₂—Y—X and Y is —S—. In some such embodiments, X is —CH₃. In other embodiments, X is —CH₂CN. In other embodiments, X is —CH₂N₃. In other embodiments, X is —CH₂F. In other embodiments, X is —CHF₂. In some embodiments, X is —CF₃.

In some embodiments, G can be —SR³. In some embodiments, G can be SCH₃.

Some specific embodiments of the compounds described herein have the following structures:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some specific embodiments of the compounds described herein have the following structures:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Some specific embodiments of the compounds described herein have the following structures:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Formula II

Some embodiments include compounds having the structure of formula II as described above.

In some embodiments, G is selected from the group consisting of

Some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts have the following stereochemistry as shown in the structure of formula (IIa) or formula (IIa.1):

Some specific embodiments of the compounds described herein have the following structures:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some specific embodiments of the compounds described herein can be selected from the following structures:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some specific embodiments of the compounds described herein can have the structure of

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, G is selected from the group consisting of

Formula III

Some boronic acid derivatives according to Formula (III) as described above have a tendency to form an oligomer such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer. In some embodiments, the formation of oligomers is prevented or the amount of oligomers in a composition is reduced by including a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative in a composition comprising a compound according to Formula (I), (II), or (III). Accordingly, some embodiments include a pharmaceutical composition comprising meglumine and a compound according to Formula (III) as described above.

In some embodiments, A can be selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, naphthalenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, tetralinyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, indanyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, indolyl and thienyl.

In some embodiments of Formula (BI), R^(b) is attached to ring A at a position that is vicinal to the point of attachment of X^(a) to ring A.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, optionally substituted —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —C(O)OR, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, optionally substituted —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)NR¹R², —S(O)₂NR¹R², —CN, optionally substituted —S(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and optionally substituted —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(a) is a carboxylic acid isoster.

In some embodiments, R^(b) is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, optionally substituted —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —C(O)OR, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, optionally substituted —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)NR¹R², —S(O)₂NR¹R², CN, optionally substituted —S(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and optionally substituted —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(b) is a carboxylic acid isoster.

The compound of formula (III) can have the structure of Formula (IIIa):

-   -   or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein J, L, and         M are independently selected from the group consisting of CR⁴         and N.

In some embodiments, R^(b) can be —OH or optionally substituted —OC₁₋₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(c) can be —OH or optionally substituted —OC₁₋₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(b) can be —OH. In some embodiments, R^(c) can be —OH. In some embodiments, R^(b) can be —OH and R^(c) can be —OH.

In some embodiments, R^(b) and R^(c) together with intervening atoms form a 5-8 membered boron ester ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected from Oxygen (O), Sulfur(S) or Nitrogen (N).

The compounds of Formula (III) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also have the structure of formula (IIIb):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein J, L, and M are independently selected from the group consisting of CR⁴ and N.

Some embodiments of compounds of Formula (IIIb) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts have the following stereochemistry as shown in the structure of formula (IIIc):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, R^(a) can be C(O)OR and R can be —CR⁵R⁶OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl or —CR⁵R⁶OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(a) can be C(O)OH.

In some embodiments, R can be —OCH₂OC(O)—C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₂OC(O)—CH(CH₃)₂, or —OCH₂OC(O)—(CH₂)_(n)CH₃. In some embodiments, R can be —CH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R can be —CH₂OC(O)OC(CH₃)₃. In some embodiments, R can be —CH₂OC(O)OC(CH₂)₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R can be —CH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₂CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R can be —CH₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R^(d) can be selected from hydrogen, —OH, halogen, —COOR, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹. In some embodiments, R^(d) can be —OH or optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(d) can be —OH.

In some embodiments, R^(e) can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, R^(f) can be independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)G, —C(O)OG, and —S(O)₂G. In some embodiments, R^(f) can be independently selected from —C(O)G or —C(O)OG.

In some embodiments, G can be selected from the group consisting of

In some embodiments, G is —NH₂. In some embodiments, G can be —NH—C₁₋₄alkyl. In some embodiments, G is —C(O)NR¹R² and R¹ and R² in G can be each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl. In some embodiments, G can be —CH₂C(O)NR¹R² and R¹ and R² in G are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl.

In some embodiments, G is —O—(CH₂)_(n)—C(O)NR₁R₂; n in G is 0-3; and R¹ and R² in G are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl. In some embodiments, G is —O—CH₂—C(O)NH₂.

In some embodiments, G is —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—Z; n in G is 0-3, Y is —S—; and Z is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, N-methylimidazole, aminoimidazole, triazole, N-methyl triazole, aminotriazole, tetrazole, N-methyltetrazole, aminotetrazole, thiazole, aminothiazole, thiadiazole, aminothiadiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, azetidine and piperdine, each optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen. In some embodiments, n in G is 0. In some embodiments, n in G is 1.

In some embodiments, Z can be thiadiazole optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen.

In some embodiments, Z can be aminothiadiazole optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen.

In some embodiments, Z can be azitidine optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen.

In some embodiments, G is —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—X; n in G is 0-3; Y is —S—; and X is hydrogen or optionally C₁₋₄alkyl. In some embodiments, n in G is 0. In some embodiments, n in G is 1. In some embodiments, X is —CH₃. In some embodiments, X is —CH₂CN. In some embodiments, X is —CH₂N₃. In some embodiments, X is —CH₂F. In some embodiments, X is —CHF₂. In some embodiments, X is —CF₃.

In some embodiments, G can be —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—Z; n in G can be 0-3, Y can be —CH₂—, —O—, —O—CH₂—, —C(O)—; and Z can be selected from the group consisting of phenyl, napthal, indole, pyrrolidine, thiophene, cyclopropyl, or cyclohexyl, each optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen. In some embodiments, n in G is 1. In some embodiments, n in G is 2. In some embodiments, Z is selected from

In some embodiments, G is —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—X; n in G is 0-3; Y is —O— or —CH—; and X is C₁₋₄alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, cyano, or azido. In some embodiments, n in G is 0 and Y is —O—. In some embodiments, n in G is 1. In some embodiments, n in G is 2. In some embodiments, X is optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl.

In some embodiments, X^(a) can be —CH2—. In some embodiments, X^(a) can be —O—. In some embodiments, X^(a) can be —S—. In some embodiments, X^(a) can be —NH—.

In some embodiments, R^(g) can be H and R^(h) can be H.

Some specific examples of the compound of formula (III) include

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other specific examples of the compound of formula (III) include

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Some embodiments of any of the compounds described above include prodrugs (e.g., prodrug esters), metabolites, stereoisomers, hydrates, solvates, polymorphs, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of those compounds.

Where the compounds disclosed herein have at least one chiral center, they may exist as individual enantiomers and diastereomers or as mixtures of such isomers, including racemates. Separation of the individual isomers or selective synthesis of the individual isomers is accomplished by application of various methods which are well known to practitioners in the art. Unless otherwise indicated, all such isomers and mixtures thereof are included in the scope of the compounds disclosed herein. Furthermore, compounds disclosed herein may exist in one or more crystalline or amorphous forms. Unless otherwise indicated, all such forms are included in the scope of the compounds disclosed herein including any polymorphic forms. In addition, some of the compounds disclosed herein may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents. Unless otherwise indicated, such solvates are included in the scope of the compounds disclosed herein.

The skilled artisan will recognize that some structures described herein may be resonance forms or tautomers of compounds that may be fairly represented by other chemical structures, even when kinetically; the artisan recognizes that such structures may only represent a very small portion of a sample of such compound(s). Such compounds are considered within the scope of the structures depicted, though such resonance forms or tautomers are not represented herein.

Isotopes may be present in the compounds described. Each chemical element as represented in a compound structure may include any isotope of said element. For example, in a compound structure a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed or understood to be present in the compound. At any position of the compound that a hydrogen atom may be present, the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium). Thus, reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

In some embodiments, due to the facile exchange of boron esters, the compounds described herein may convert to or exist in equilibrium with alternate forms. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the compounds described herein may exist in combination with one or more of these forms. For example, as shown below, the compounds disclosed herein may exist in cyclic form as cyclic boronate monoesters as formula I (or II) or in acyclic form as boronic acids as formula I.1 (or II.1) (Biochemistry, 2000, 39, 5312-21), or may exist as a mixture of the two forms depending on the medium.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may exist in cyclic dimeric form as Formula (C) or trimeric form as Formula (D), tetrameric form as Formula (E) as shown below, or acylic dimeric, trimeric or tetrameric forms and the like. In some embodiments, X′ can be —NR^(e)R^(f) in Formula C, D and E. In some embodiments, X′ can be —NHC(O)-G in Formula C, D and E.

DEFINITIONS

A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial. A further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs, (ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The term “pro-drug ester” refers to derivatives of the compounds disclosed herein formed by the addition of any of several ester-forming groups that are hydrolyzed under physiological conditions. Examples of pro-drug ester groups include pivoyloxymethyl, acetoxymethyl, phthalidyl, indanyl and methoxymethyl, as well as other such groups known in the art, including a (5-R-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl group. Other examples of pro-drug ester groups can be found in, for example, T. Higuchi and V. Stella, in “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems”, Vol. 14, A. C. S. Symposium Series, American Chemical Society (1975); and “Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design: Theory and Application”, edited by E. B. Roche, Pergamon Press: New York, 14-21 (1987) (providing examples of esters useful as prodrugs for compounds containing carboxyl groups). Each of the above-mentioned references is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

“Metabolites” of the compounds disclosed herein include active species that are produced upon introduction of the compounds into the biological milieu.

“Solvate” refers to the compound formed by the interaction of a solvent and a compound described herein, a metabolite, or salt thereof. Suitable solvates are pharmaceutically acceptable solvates including hydrates.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of a compound, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable for use in a pharmaceutical. In many cases, the compounds herein are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids. Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases. Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like; particularly preferred are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts. Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine. Many such salts are known in the art, as described in WO 87/05297, Johnston et al., published Sep. 11, 1987 (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

As used herein, “C_(a) to C_(b)” or “C_(a-b)” in which “a” and “b” are integers refer to the number of carbon atoms in the specified group. That is, the group can contain from “a” to “b”, inclusive, carbon atoms. Thus, for example, a “C₁ to C₄ alkyl” or “C₁₋₄ alkyl” group refers to all alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbons, that is, CH₃—, CH₃CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH₂—, (CH₃)₂CH—, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)— and (CH₃)₃C—.

The term “halogen” or “halo,” as used herein, means any one of the radio-stable atoms of column 7 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine, with fluorine and chlorine being preferred.

As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that is fully saturated (i.e., contains no double or triple bonds). The alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated). The alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C₁₋₄ alkyl” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C₁₋₄ alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the like.

As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to the formula —OR wherein R is an alkyl as is defined above, such as “C₁₋₉ alkoxy”, including but not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1-methylethoxy (isopropoxy), n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy, and the like.

As used herein, “alkylthio” refers to the formula —SR wherein R is an alkyl as is defined above, such as “C₁₋₉ alkylthio” and the like, including but not limited to methylmercapto, ethylmercapto, n-propylmercapto, 1-methylethylmercapto (isopropylmercapto), n-butylmercapto, iso-butylmercapto, sec-butylmercapto, tert-butylmercapto, and the like.

As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing one or more double bonds. The alkenyl group may have 2 to 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkenyl” where no numerical range is designated. The alkenyl group may also be a medium size alkenyl having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkenyl group could also be a lower alkenyl having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkenyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C₂₋₄ alkenyl” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C₂₋₄ alkenyl” indicates that there are two to four carbon atoms in the alkenyl chain, i.e., the alkenyl chain is selected from the group consisting of ethenyl, propen-1-yl, propen-2-yl, propen-3-yl, buten-1-yl, buten-2-yl, buten-3-yl, buten-4-yl, 1-methyl-propen-1-yl, 2-methyl-propen-1-yl, 1-ethyl-ethen-1-yl, 2-methyl-propen-3-yl, buta-1,3-dienyl, buta-1,2, -dienyl, and buta-1,2-dien-4-yl. Typical alkenyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl, and the like.

As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing one or more triple bonds. The alkynyl group may have 2 to 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkynyl” where no numerical range is designated. The alkynyl group may also be a medium size alkynyl having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkynyl group could also be a lower alkynyl having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkynyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C₂₋₄ alkynyl” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C₂₋₄ alkynyl” indicates that there are two to four carbon atoms in the alkynyl chain, i.e., the alkynyl chain is selected from the group consisting of ethynyl, propyn-1-yl, propyn-2-yl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-3-yl, butyn-4-yl, and 2-butynyl. Typical alkynyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl, and the like.

As used herein, “heteroalkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing one or more heteroatoms, that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, in the chain backbone. The heteroalkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “heteroalkyl” where no numerical range is designated. The heteroalkyl group may also be a medium size heteroalkyl having 1 to 9 carbon atoms. The heteroalkyl group could also be a lower heteroalkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The heteroalkyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C₁₋₄ heteroalkyl” or similar designations. The heteroalkyl group may contain one or more heteroatoms. By way of example only, “C₁₋₄ heteroalkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the heteroalkyl chain and additionally one or more heteroatoms in the backbone of the chain.

The term “aromatic” refers to a ring or ring system having a conjugated pi electron system and includes both carbocyclic aromatic (e.g., phenyl) and heterocyclic aromatic groups (e.g., pyridine). The term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of atoms) groups provided that the entire ring system is aromatic.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring or ring system (i.e., two or more fused rings that share two adjacent carbon atoms) containing only carbon in the ring backbone. When the aryl is a ring system, every ring in the system is aromatic. The aryl group may have 6 to 18 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “aryl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, the aryl group has 6 to 10 carbon atoms. The aryl group may be designated as “C₆₋₁₀ aryl,” “C₆ or C₁₀ aryl,” or similar designations. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, azulenyl, and anthracenyl.

As used herein, “aryloxy” and “arylthio” refers to RO— and RS—, in which R is an aryl as is defined above, such as “C₆₋₁₀ aryloxy” or “C₆₋₁₀ arylthio” and the like, including but not limited to phenyloxy.

An “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” is an aryl group connected, as a substituent, via an alkylene group, such “C₇₋₁₄ aralkyl” and the like, including but not limited to benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, and naphthylalkyl. In some cases, the alkylene group is a lower alkylene group (i.e., a C₁₋₄ alkylene group).

As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic ring or ring system (i.e., two or more fused rings that share two adjacent atoms) that contain(s) one or more heteroatoms, that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, in the ring backbone. When the heteroaryl is a ring system, every ring in the system is aromatic. The heteroaryl group may have 5-18 ring members (i.e., the number of atoms making up the ring backbone, including carbon atoms and heteroatoms), although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “heteroaryl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group has 5 to 10 ring members or 5 to 7 ring members. The heteroaryl group may be designated as “5-7 membered heteroaryl,” “5-10 membered heteroaryl,” or similar designations. Examples of heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, furyl, thienyl, phthalazinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinlinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, and benzothienyl.

A “heteroaralkyl” or “heteroarylalkyl” is heteroaryl group connected, as a substituent, via an alkylene group. Examples include but are not limited to 2-thienylmethyl, 3-thienylmethyl, furylmethyl, thienylethyl, pyrrolylalkyl, pyridylalkyl, isoxazollylalkyl, and imidazolylalkyl. In some cases, the alkylene group is a lower alkylene group (i.e., a C₁₋₄ alkylene group).

As used herein, “carbocyclyl” means a non-aromatic cyclic ring or ring system containing only carbon atoms in the ring system backbone. When the carbocyclyl is a ring system, two or more rings may be joined together in a fused, bridged or spiro-connected fashion. Carbocyclyls may have any degree of saturation provided that at least one ring in a ring system is not aromatic. Thus, carbocyclyls include cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, and cycloalkynyls. The carbocyclyl group may have 3 to 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “carbocyclyl” where no numerical range is designated. The carbocyclyl group may also be a medium size carbocyclyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. The carbocyclyl group could also be a carbocyclyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms. The carbocyclyl group may be designated as “C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl” or similar designations. Examples of carbocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, 2,3-dihydro-indene, bicycle[2.2.2]octanyl, adamantyl, and spiro[4.4]nonanyl.

A “(carbocyclyl)alkyl” is a carbocyclyl group connected, as a substituent, via an alkylene group, such as “C₄₋₁₀ (carbocyclyl)alkyl” and the like, including but not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclopropylbutyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopropylisopropyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, and the like. In some cases, the alkylene group is a lower alkylene group.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” means a fully saturated carbocyclyl ring or ring system. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

As used herein, “cycloalkenyl” means a carbocyclyl ring or ring system having at least one double bond, wherein no ring in the ring system is aromatic. An example is cyclohexenyl.

As used herein, “heterocyclyl” means a non-aromatic cyclic ring or ring system containing at least one heteroatom in the ring backbone. Heterocyclyls may be joined together in a fused, bridged or spiro-connected fashion. Heterocyclyls may have any degree of saturation provided that at least one ring in the ring system is not aromatic. The heteroatom(s) may be present in either a non-aromatic or aromatic ring in the ring system. The heterocyclyl group may have 3 to 20 ring members (i.e., the number of atoms making up the ring backbone, including carbon atoms and heteroatoms), although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “heterocyclyl” where no numerical range is designated. The heterocyclyl group may also be a medium size heterocyclyl having 3 to 10 ring members. The heterocyclyl group could also be a heterocyclyl having 3 to 6 ring members. The heterocyclyl group may be designated as “3-6 membered heterocyclyl” or similar designations. In preferred six membered monocyclic heterocyclyls, the heteroatom(s) are selected from one up to three of O, N or S, and in preferred five membered monocyclic heterocyclyls, the heteroatom(s) are selected from one or two heteroatoms selected from 0, N, or S. Examples of heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dioxolanyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, oxiranyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxopiperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolidionyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-oxathianyl, 1,4-oxathiinyl, 1,4-oxathianyl, 2H-1,2-oxazinyl, trioxanyl, hexahydro-1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,3-dioxolyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,3-dithiolyl, 1,3-dithiolanyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolidinonyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-oxathiolanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydro-1,4-thiazinyl, thiamorpholinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzimidazolidinyl, and tetrahydroquinoline.

A “(heterocyclyl)alkyl” is a heterocyclyl group connected, as a substituent, via an alkylene group. Examples include, but are not limited to, imidazolinylmethyl and indolinylethyl.

As used herein, “acyl” refers to —C(═O)R, wherein R is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein. Non-limiting examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl, and acryl.

An “O-carboxy” group refers to a “—OC(═O)R” group in which R is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

A “C-carboxy” group refers to a “—C(═O)OR” group in which R is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein. A non-limiting example includes carboxyl (i.e., —C(═O)OH).

A “cyano” group refers to a “—CN” group.

A “cyanato” group refers to an “—OCN” group.

An “isocyanato” group refers to a “—NCO” group.

A “thiocyanato” group refers to a “—SCN” group.

An “isothiocyanato” group refers to an “—NCS” group.

A “sulfinyl” group refers to an “—S(═O)R” group in which R is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

A “sulfonyl” group refers to an “—SO₂R” group in which R is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “S-sulfonamido” group refers to a “—SO₂NR_(A)R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “N-sulfonamido” group refers to a “—N(R_(A))SO₂R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “O-carbamyl” group refers to a “—OC(═O)NR_(A)R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “N-carbamyl” group refers to an “—N(R_(A))OC(═O)R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “O-thiocarbamyl” group refers to a “—OC(═S)NR_(A)R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, aC₆₋₁₀ ryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “N-thiocarbamyl” group refers to an “—N(R_(A))OC(═S)R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

A “C-amido” group refers to a “—C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “N-amido” group refers to a “—N(R_(A))C(═O)R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “amino” group refers to a “—NR_(A)R_(B)” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, as defined herein.

An “aminoalkyl” group refers to an amino group connected via an alkylene group.

An “alkoxyalkyl” group refers to an alkoxy group connected via an alkylene group, such as a “C₂₋₈ alkoxyalkyl” and the like.

As used herein, a substituted group is derived from the unsubstituted parent group in which there has been an exchange of one or more hydrogen atoms for another atom or group. Unless otherwise indicated, when a group is deemed to be “substituted,” it is meant that the group is substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, C₃-C₇ carbocyclyl (optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy), C₃-C₇-carbocyclyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl (optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy), 5-10 membered heterocyclyl (optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy), 5-10 membered heterocyclyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl (optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy), aryl (optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy), aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl (optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy), 5-10 membered heteroaryl (optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy), 5-10 membered heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl (optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy), halo, cyano, hydroxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl (i.e., ether), aryloxy, sulfhydryl (mercapto), halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl (e.g., —CF), halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy (e.g., —OCF₃), C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, amino, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, nitro, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, 0-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, 0-carboxy, acyl, cyanato, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, and oxo (═O). Wherever a group is described as “optionally substituted” that group can be substituted with the above substituents.

In some embodiments, substituted group(s) is (are) substituted with one or more substituent(s) individually and independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, amino, hydroxy, and halogen.

It is to be understood that certain radical naming conventions can include either a mono-radical or a di-radical, depending on the context. For example, where a substituent requires two points of attachment to the rest of the molecule, it is understood that the substituent is a di-radical. For example, a substituent identified as alkyl that requires two points of attachment includes di-radicals such as —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, and the like. Other radical naming conventions clearly indicate that the radical is a di-radical such as “alkylene” or “alkenylene.”

As used herein, “alkylene” means a branched, or straight chain fully saturated di-radical chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogenthat is attached to the rest of the molecule via two points of attachment (i.e., an alkanediyl). The alkylene group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term alkylene where no numerical range is designated. The alkylene group may also be a medium size alkylene having 1 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkylene group could also be a lower alkylene having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkylene group may be designated as “C₁₋₄ alkylene” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C₁₋₄ alkylene” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkylene chain, i.e., the alkylene chain is selected from the group consisting of methylene, ethylene, ethan-1,1-diyl, propylene, propan-1,1-diyl, propan-2,2-diyl, 1-methyl-ethylene, butylene, butan-1,1-diyl, butan-2,2-diyl, 2-methyl-propan-1,1-diyl, 1-methyl-propylene, 2-methyl-propylene, 1,1-dimethyl-ethylene, 1,2-dimethyl-ethylene, and 1-ethyl-ethylene.

As used herein, “alkenylene” means a straight or branched chain di-radical chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogen and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond that is attached to the rest of the molecule via two points of attachment. The alkenylene group may have 2 to 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term alkenylene where no numerical range is designated. The alkenylene group may also be a medium size alkenylene having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. The alkenylene group could also be a lower alkenylene having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkenylene group may be designated as “C₂₋₄ alkenylene” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C₂₋₄ alkenylene” indicates that there are two to four carbon atoms in the alkenylene chain, i.e., the alkenylene chain is selected from the group consisting of ethenylene, ethen-1,1-diyl, propenylene, propen-1,1-diyl, prop-2-en-1,1-diyl, 1-methyl-ethenylene, but-1-enylene, but-2-enylene, but-1,3-dienylene, buten-1,1-diyl, but-1,3-dien-1,1-diyl, but-2-en-1,1-diyl, but-3-en-1,1-diyl, 1-methyl-prop-2-en-1,1-diyl, 2-methyl-prop-2-en-1,1-diyl, 1-ethyl-ethenylene, 1,2-dimethyl-ethenylene, 1-methyl-propenylene, 2-methyl-propenylene, 3-methyl-propenylene, 2-methyl-propen-1,1-diyl, and 2,2-dimethyl-ethen-1,1-diyl.

The term “agent” or “test agent” includes any substance, molecule, element, compound, entity, or a combination thereof. It includes, but is not limited to, e.g., protein, polypeptide, peptide or mimetic, small organic molecule, polysaccharide, polynucleotide, and the like. It can be a natural product, a synthetic compound, or a chemical compound, or a combination of two or more substances. Unless otherwise specified, the terms “agent”, “substance”, and “compound” are used interchangeably herein.

The term “analog” is used herein to refer to a molecule that structurally resembles a reference molecule but which has been modified in a targeted and controlled manner, by replacing a specific substituent of the reference molecule with an alternate substituent. Compared to the reference molecule, an analog would be expected, by one skilled in the art, to exhibit the same, similar, or improved utility. Synthesis and screening of analogs, to identify variants of known compounds having improved characteristics (such as higher binding affinity for a target molecule) is an approach that is well known in pharmaceutical chemistry.

The term “mammal” is used in its usual biological sense. Thus, it specifically includes, but is not limited to, primates, including simians (chimpanzees, apes, monkeys) and humans, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, rabbits, dogs, cats, rats and mice but also includes many other species.

The term “microbial infection” refers to the invasion of the host organism, whether the organism is a vertebrate, invertebrate, fish, plant, bird, or mammal, by pathogenic microbes. This includes the excessive growth of microbes that are normally present in or on the body of a mammal or other organism. More generally, a microbial infection can be any situation in which the presence of a microbial population(s) is damaging to a host mammal. Thus, a mammal is “suffering” from a microbial infection when excessive numbers of a microbial population are present in or on a mammal's body, or when the effects of the presence of a microbial population(s) is damaging the cells or other tissue of a mammal. Specifically, this description applies to a bacterial infection. Note that the compounds of preferred embodiments are also useful in treating microbial growth or contamination of cell cultures or other media, or inanimate surfaces or objects, and nothing herein should limit the preferred embodiments only to treatment of higher organisms, except when explicitly so specified in the claims.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. In addition, various adjuvants such as are commonly used in the art may be included. Considerations for the inclusion of various components in pharmaceutical compositions are described, e.g., in Gilman et al. (Eds.) (1990); Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Ed., Pergamon Press, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

“Subject” as used herein, means a human or a non-human mammal, e.g., a dog, a cat, a mouse, a rat, a cow, a sheep, a pig, a goat, a non-human primate or a bird, e.g., a chicken, as well as any other vertebrate or invertebrate.

An “effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount of a therapeutic agent that is effective to relieve, to some extent, or to reduce the likelihood of onset of, one or more of the symptoms of a disease or condition, and includes curing a disease or condition. “Curing” means that the symptoms of a disease or condition are eliminated; however, certain long-term or permanent effects may exist even after a cure is obtained (such as extensive tissue damage).

“Treat,” “treatment,” or “treating,” as used herein refers to administering a pharmaceutical composition for prophylactic and/or therapeutic purposes. The term “prophylactic treatment” refers to treating a subject who does not yet exhibit symptoms of a disease or condition, but who is susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of, a particular disease or condition, whereby the treatment reduces the likelihood that the patient will develop the disease or condition. The term “therapeutic treatment” refers to administering treatment to a subject already suffering from a disease or condition.

“Monosaccharide” as used herein refers to a chemical compound of general formula C_(x)(H₂O)_(x), where x is 3 to 10. Examples of monosaccharide include but are not limited to glucose (dextrose), arabinose, mannitol, fructose (levulose) and galactose. “Monosaccharide derivative” as used herein refers to a monosaccharide wherein one or more —OH groups can be replaced by the substituents described above in the definition of “substituted.” In some monosaccharide derivatives, one or more —OH groups on the monosaccharide can be replaced by one or more —NH₂ or —NH—CH₃ groups. One example of a monosaccharide derivative includes meglumine. Other examples of a monosaccharide derivative can include an amino alcohol.

As used herein, “isosteres” are different compounds that have different molecular formulas but exhibit the same or similar properties. For example, tetrazole is an isostere of carboxylic acid because it mimics the properties of carboxylic acid even though they both have very different molecular formulae. Tetrazole is one of many possible isosteric replacements for carboxylic acid. Other carboxylic acid isosteres contemplated include —COOH, —SO₃H, —SO₂HNR⁹, —PO₂(R⁹)₂, —PO₃(R⁹)₂, —CONHNHSO₂R⁹, —COHNSO₂R⁹, and —CONR⁹CN. In addition, carboxylic acid isosteres can include 5-7 membered carbocycles or heterocycles containing any combination of CH₂, O, S, or N in any chemically stable oxidation state, where any of the atoms of said ring structure are optionally substituted in one or more positions. The following structures are non-limiting examples of carbocyclic and heterocyclic isosteres contemplated. The atoms of said ring structure may be optionally substituted at one or more positions with R⁹.

It is also contemplated that when chemical substituents are added to a carboxylic isostere, the compound retains the properties of a carboxylic isostere. It is contemplated that when a carboxylic isostere is optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from R⁹, then the substitution cannot eliminate the carboxylic acid isosteric properties of the compound. It is also contemplated that the placement of one or more R⁹ substituents upon a carbocyclic or heterocyclic carboxylic acid isostere shall not be permitted at one or more atom(s) which maintain(s) or is/are integral to the carboxylic acid isosteric properties of the compound, if such substituent(s) would destroy the carboxylic acid isosteric properties of the compound. Other carboxylic acid isosteres not specifically exemplified or described in this specification are also contemplated.

Methods of Preparation

The compounds disclosed herein may be synthesized by methods described below, or by modification of these methods. Ways of modifying the methodology include, among others, temperature, solvent, reagents etc., known to those skilled in the art. In general, during any of the processes for preparation of the compounds disclosed herein, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry (ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973); and P. G. M. Green, T. W. Wutts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis (3rd ed.) Wiley, New York (1999), which are both hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art. Synthetic chemistry transformations useful in synthesizing applicable compounds are known in the art and include e.g. those described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, 1989, or L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, 1995, which are both hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The routes shown and described herein are illustrative only and are not intended, nor are they to be construed, to limit the scope of the claims in any manner whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize modifications of the disclosed syntheses and to devise alternate routes based on the disclosures herein; all such modifications and alternate routes are within the scope of the claims.

In the following schemes, protecting groups for oxygen atoms are selected for their compatibility with the requisite synthetic steps as well as compatibility of the introduction and deprotection steps with the overall synthetic schemes (P. G. M. Green, T. W. Wutts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis (3rd ed.) Wiley, New York (1999)). Handling of protecting and/or sterodirecting groups specific to boronic acid derivatives is described in a recent review of chemistry of boronic acids: D. G. Hall (Ed.), Boronic Acids. Preparation and Application in Organic Synthesis and Medicine, Wiley VCH (2005) and in earlier reviews: Matteson, D. S. (1988). Asymmetric synthesis with boronic esters. Accounts of Chemical Research, 21(8), 294-300, and Matteson, D. S. (1989). Tetrahedron, 45(7), 1859-1885), all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The latter review articles also describe methodology for stereoselective insertion of halomethine functionality next to the boronate which is employed in the synthetic schemes below.

In addition to standard acid catalyzed deprotection, special methods for removal of boronic acid protecting and/or sterodirecting groups methods using fluorides (Yuen, A. K. L., & Hutton, C. A. (2005). Tetrahedron Letters, 46(46), 7899-7903—incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) or periodate oxidation (Coutts, S. J., et al. (1994). Tetrahedron Letters, 35(29), 5109-5112—incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) can also be employed in preparations of the compounds disclosed herein.

In strategies employing pinanediol or other diol-based chiral auxiliaries for stereospecific introduction of new chiral centers, the early stages of chemistry on boronic intermediates can be performed on chiral boronate esters or alternatively nonchiral borate/boronate intermediates can be used in early stages followed by transesterification with chiral diols prior to the step where stereoselection is required.

Synthesis of Compounds of Formula I

Compounds of formula I (for example, compounds of formula Ia) where R is H can be prepared as depicted in scheme 1 from intermediates of formula Ia-2, which may be assembled by several known α-aminoboronate formation reactions (Boronic Acids: Preparations and Applications in Organic Synthesis, Medicine and Materials, D. G. Hall, ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

Such intermediates of formula Ia-2 where X=—N(TMS)₂ and R′ and R″ are alkyl groups may be prepared by earlier described methods (PCT Publication Nos. WO09064414 and WO10130708, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). In an alternate sequence, compounds of formula Ia-2, where X=—N(TMS)₂ and R″ is Boc and R′ is t-Butyl or R′ and R″ are protected together as isopropylidene or any other groups protected separately or together in cyclic form, may be made from compounds of formula Ia-3 via homologation to give chloromethylene addition product with good stereocontrol by Matteson reaction conditions, followed by stereospecific substitution with hexamethyldisilazane (PCT Publication No. WO0946098, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Bromo precursors may be made analogously to the chloro compounds utilizing dibromomethane (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3964-969, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Matteson reaction precursors of formula Ia-3 may be made by palladium mediated coupling of pinanediol diboronate from corresponding appropriately protected benzyl alcohols (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 409-411, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) or benzyl bromides Ia-4 (Tetrahedron Letters 2003, 44, 233-235; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 11825-11827, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Compounds of formula Ia-3 may also be prepared by homologation of the corresponding arylboronate ester by reaction with chloromethyl anion (PCT Publication No. WO09064414, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). The compounds of formula Ia-4 may be achieved by means of several earlier known methods (PCT Publication No. WO0458679, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) with conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry (ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum, 1973); and Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, P. G. M. Wutts, T. W. Green, Wiley, New York, 1999) (both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) from commercially available salicylic acid derivatives. Compounds of formula Ia-4 where Y is methyl can be readily transformed to corresponding benzyl bromides (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 34-346, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) for boronation reaction to give Ia-3.

Bis-trimethyl silylamides of formula Ia-2 may be reacted in situ with an acid chloride to result directly in analogs of formula Ia-1. Such analogs of Ia-1 can also be made via coupling of the bis-TMS amine with commercially available carboxylic acids under typical amide coupling conditions (e.g., carbodiimide or HATU coupling) (Tetrahedron, 2005, 61, 10827-10852, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Varieties of substituted thioacetic acid or glycolate or glycinate precursors are commercially available. Such precursors may be also obtained by several well-known methods in the literature (J. Org. Chem. (2012), DOI: 10.1021/jo302088t, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

Simultaneous deprotection of pinane ester and salicylic acid protective groups of compounds of formula Ia-1 can be achieved by heating with dilute HCl, affording the desired compounds of formula Ia. This transformation may also be achieved by treatment with BCl₃ or BBr₃ (PCT Publication No. WO09064414, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Alternatively, the deprotection may be attained via trans-esterification with isobutyl boronic acid in presence of dilute acid (PCT Publication No. WO09064413, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) or via other known methods (J. Org. Chem. (2010), 75, 468-471, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

In an alternate approach, compounds of formula Ia-2 where X is NH₂.HCl can be made via asymmetric addition of boron to a carbon heteroatom double bond, enabling production of enantiomerically pure N-sulfinyl-α-amino boronate ester derivatives. Such transformation is achieved form appropriately protected N-sulfinyl imine (Ia-5) using a Cu/ligand catalyst system (J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2008), 130, 6910-6911, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) followed by treatment with mild acid. Enantiomerically pure N-sulfinyl imines of formula Ia-5 may be made by condensation of appropriately protected phenylacetaldehyde intermediates (Ia-6) and enantiomerically pure t-butylsulfonylamine (Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3600-3740, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

Phenylacetaldehyde derivatives of formula Ia-6 can be made from Claisen rearrangement of allyl ethers of commercially available salicylates followed by oxidative cleavage of the allyl group (J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 3094-3105, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Such intermediates of formula Ia-6 can also be made by Wacker oxidation of vinyl substituted salicylates (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 3237-3239, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Protective groups may be used separately for phenol and acid or together from a variety of available options as described above.

One exemplary but non-limiting general synthetic scheme for preparing compound of Formula Ia is shown below in Scheme 1a. For the starting compound of Formula I-1, Y can be —OH, halogen, —C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, —C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-OH, —C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-halogen, R^(1A) can be hydrogen or C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, and R^(2A) can be hydrogen or C₁₋₁₀ alkyl. The compound of Formula I-1 can be treated first with TFA and TFAA and then with Bis(pinacolato)diboron to form a pinacol boronic ester compound of Formula I-3. The compound of Formula I-3 is then reacted with pinanediol to yield a Pinanediol Methylboronic Ester Compound of Formula I-4. The compound of Formula I-4 undergoes homologation to yield a compound of Formula I-5, which then undergoes another homologation reaction to provide a chloroethlene product of Formula I-6. The compound of Formula I-6 reacts with the bis-TMS amine to form a bis-trimethyl silyamine of Formula I-7. Different types of thioacetic acid, glycolate or glycinate precursors can then react with the compound of Formula I-7 to form an amide of Formula I-8. The compound of Formula I-8 then undergoes the deprotection of the pinane ester and salicylic acid protective groups to afford the compound of Formula Ia.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula Ia can also be prepared by using the general synthetic Scheme 1b illustrated below. The starting compound of Formula I-2 can be prepared by adding protective groups to a salicylate derivative compound following procedures described above in Scheme 1a. The compound of Formula I-2 can be treated with vinyl trifluoroborate to form a vinyl phenyl compound of Formula I-9. The compound of Formula I-9 then undergoes reaction to form a phneylacetaldehyde derivative of Formula I-10. The compound of Formula I-10 then reacts with (R)-t-butylsulfinic amide to provide a N-sulfinyl imine compound of Formula I-11. The compound of Formula I-11 undergoes boron addition to form a pinacol boronic ester compound of Formula I-12. The compound of Formula I-12 can react with the acid to remove the t-butylsulfinic group. Different types of thioacetic acid, glycolate or glycinate precursors can then react with the compound of Formula I-13 to form an amide of Formula I-14. The amide of Formula I-14 can react with pinanediol to yield a Pinanediol Methylboronic Ester Compound of Formula I-8. The compound of Formula I-8 can then undergo the deprotection of the pinane ester and salicylic acid protective groups to afford the compound of Formula Ia.

Synthesis of Prodrugs

Compounds of Formula I where the R is a prodrug moiety may be synthesized by a variety of known methods of different carboxylic acid prodrugs (Prodrugs: Challenges and Rewards, V. J. Stella, et al., ed., Springer, New York, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). These prodrugs include but are not limited to substituted or non-substituted alkyl esters, (acyloxy)alkyl esters (Synthesis 2012, 44, 207, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), [(alkoxycarbonyl)oxy]methyl esters (PCT Publication No. WO10097675, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), or (oxodioxolyl)methyl esters (J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 323-338, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Such prodrugs can be made from compounds of Formula I where R=H by treatment with acid or in neutral conditions (e.g., carbodiimide coupling) in the presence of alcohols (ROH) or via base promoted esterification with RX where X is a leaving group in the presence of an appropriate base.

One exemplary but non-limiting general synthetic scheme for preparing the prodrug is shown in Scheme 2a below. The boronic acid of Formula Ia where R is hydrogen can react with a chloro/bromo-substituted prodrug moiety to form a prodrug of Formula Ib. Examples of the prodrug moiety R^(Ib) can be —C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR¹R²OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR¹R²OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl, and

Alternatively, compounds of Formula I may be also utilized for introduction of prodrugs (Scheme 2b). Such carboxylic acids (VIII) can be made from compounds of Formula Ia-1 by selective deprotection of OR′. The prodrug group may also be introduced earlier in the sequence in compounds of Formula Ia-4 or Ia-6 where R′ is R. Such a sequence where the prodrug is introduced in earlier intermediates is only feasible when the ester is stable under the final deprotection conditions to remove the phenol protective group and the boronate ester.

Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions

The compounds are administered at a therapeutically effective dosage. While human dosage levels have yet to be optimized for the compounds described herein, generally, a daily dose may be from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 120 mg/kg or more of body weight, from about 0.5 mg/kg or less to about 70 mg/kg, from about 1.0 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg of body weight, or from about 1.5 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of body weight. Thus, for administration to a 70 kg person, the dosage range would be from about 17 mg per day to about 8000 mg per day, from about 35 mg per day or less to about 7000 mg per day or more, from about 70 mg per day to about 6000 mg per day, from about 100 mg per day to about 5000 mg per day, or from about 200 mg to about 3000 mg per day. The amount of active compound administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject and disease state being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner and schedule of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician.

Administration of the compounds disclosed herein or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be via any of the accepted modes of administration for agents that serve similar utilities including, but not limited to, orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intranasally, topically, transdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonarilly, vaginally, rectally, or intraocularly. Oral and parenteral administrations are customary in treating the indications that are the subject of the preferred embodiments.

The compounds useful as described above can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for use in treatment of these conditions. Standard pharmaceutical formulation techniques are used, such as those disclosed in Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2005), incorporated by reference in its entirety. Accordingly, some embodiments include pharmaceutical compositions comprising: (a) a safe and therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein (including enantiomers, diastereoisomers, tautomers, polymorphs, and solvates thereof), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient or combination thereof.

In addition to the selected compound useful as described above, come embodiments include compositions containing a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. In addition, various adjuvants such as are commonly used in the art may be included. Considerations for the inclusion of various components in pharmaceutical compositions are described, e.g., in Gilman et al. (Eds.) (1990); Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Ed., Pergamon Press, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Some examples of substances, which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers or components thereof, are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and methyl cellulose; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid lubricants, such as stearic acid and magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid; emulsifiers, such as the TWEENS; wetting agents, such sodium lauryl sulfate; coloring agents; flavoring agents; tableting agents, stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; and phosphate buffer solutions.

The choice of a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to be used in conjunction with the subject compound is basically determined by the way the compound is to be administered.

The compositions described herein are preferably provided in unit dosage form. As used herein, a “unit dosage form” is a composition containing an amount of a compound that is suitable for administration to an animal, preferably mammal subject, in a single dose, according to good medical practice. The preparation of a single or unit dosage form however, does not imply that the dosage form is administered once per day or once per course of therapy. Such dosage forms are contemplated to be administered once, twice, thrice or more per day and may be administered as infusion over a period of time (e.g., from about 30 minutes to about 2-6 hours), or administered as a continuous infusion, and may be given more than once during a course of therapy, though a single administration is not specifically excluded. The skilled artisan will recognize that the formulation does not specifically contemplate the entire course of therapy and such decisions are left for those skilled in the art of treatment rather than formulation.

The compositions useful as described above may be in any of a variety of suitable forms for a variety of routes for administration, for example, for oral, nasal, rectal, topical (including transdermal), ocular, intracerebral, intracranial, intrathecal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intramuscular, or other parental routes of administration. The skilled artisan will appreciate that oral and nasal compositions comprise compositions that are administered by inhalation, and made using available methodologies. Depending upon the particular route of administration desired, a variety of pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers well-known in the art may be used. Pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include, for example, solid or liquid fillers, diluents, hydrotropies, surface-active agents, and encapsulating substances. Optional pharmaceutically-active materials may be included, which do not substantially interfere with the inhibitory activity of the compound. The amount of carrier employed in conjunction with the compound is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material for administration per unit dose of the compound. Techniques and compositions for making dosage forms useful in the methods described herein are described in the following references, all incorporated by reference herein: Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th Ed., Chapters 9 and 10 (Banker & Rhodes, editors, 2002); Lieberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (1989); and Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 8th Edition (2004).

Various oral dosage forms can be used, including such solid forms as tablets, capsules, granules and bulk powders. Tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric-coated, sugar-coated, film-coated, or multiple-compressed, containing suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents. Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules, containing suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, melting agents, coloring agents and flavoring agents.

The pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier suitable for the preparation of unit dosage forms for peroral administration is well-known in the art. Tablets typically comprise conventional pharmaceutically-compatible adjuvants as inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose; binders such as starch, gelatin and sucrose; disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and croscarmelose; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc. Glidants such as silicon dioxide can be used to improve flow characteristics of the powder mixture. Coloring agents, such as the FD&C dyes, can be added for appearance. Sweeteners and flavoring agents, such as aspartame, saccharin, menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors, are useful adjuvants for chewable tablets. Capsules typically comprise one or more solid diluents disclosed above. The selection of carrier components depends on secondary considerations like taste, cost, and shelf stability, which are not critical, and can be readily made by a person skilled in the art.

Peroral compositions also include liquid solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and the like. The pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers suitable for preparation of such compositions are well known in the art. Typical components of carriers for syrups, elixirs, emulsions and suspensions include ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, liquid sucrose, sorbitol and water. For a suspension, typical suspending agents include methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, AVICEL RC-591, tragacanth and sodium alginate; typical wetting agents include lecithin and polysorbate 80; and typical preservatives include methyl paraben and sodium benzoate. Peroral liquid compositions may also contain one or more components such as sweeteners, flavoring agents and colorants disclosed above.

Such compositions may also be coated by conventional methods, typically with pH or time-dependent coatings, such that the subject compound is released in the gastrointestinal tract in the vicinity of the desired topical application, or at various times to extend the desired action. Such dosage forms typically include, but are not limited to, one or more of cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, ethyl cellulose, Eudragit coatings, waxes and shellac.

Compositions described herein may optionally include other drug actives.

Other compositions useful for attaining systemic delivery of the subject compounds include sublingual, buccal and nasal dosage forms. Such compositions typically comprise one or more of soluble filler substances such as sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol; and binders such as acacia, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. Glidants, lubricants, sweeteners, colorants, antioxidants and flavoring agents disclosed above may also be included.

A liquid composition, which is formulated for topical ophthalmic use, is formulated such that it can be administered topically to the eye. The comfort should be maximized as much as possible, although sometimes formulation considerations (e.g. drug stability) may necessitate less than optimal comfort. In the case that comfort cannot be maximized, the liquid should be formulated such that the liquid is tolerable to the patient for topical ophthalmic use. Additionally, an ophthalmically acceptable liquid should either be packaged for single use, or contain a preservative to prevent contamination over multiple uses.

For ophthalmic application, solutions or medicaments are often prepared using a physiological saline solution as a major vehicle. Ophthalmic solutions should preferably be maintained at a comfortable pH with an appropriate buffer system. The formulations may also contain conventional, pharmaceutically acceptable preservatives, stabilizers and surfactants.

Preservatives that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, PHMB, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuric, acetate and phenylmercuric nitrate. A useful surfactant is, for example, Tween 80. Likewise, various useful vehicles may be used in the ophthalmic preparations disclosed herein. These vehicles include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, poloxamers, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and purified water.

Tonicity adjustors may be added as needed or convenient. They include, but are not limited to, salts, particularly sodium chloride, potassium chloride, mannitol and glycerin, or any other suitable ophthalmically acceptable tonicity adjustor.

Various buffers and means for adjusting pH may be used so long as the resulting preparation is ophthalmically acceptable. For many compositions, the pH will be between 4 and 9. Accordingly, buffers include acetate buffers, citrate buffers, phosphate buffers and borate buffers. Acids or bases may be used to adjust the pH of these formulations as needed.

In a similar vein, an ophthalmically acceptable antioxidant includes, but is not limited to, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, acetylcysteine, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene.

Other excipient components, which may be included in the ophthalmic preparations, are chelating agents. A useful chelating agent is edetate disodium, although other chelating agents may also be used in place or in conjunction with it.

For topical use, creams, ointments, gels, solutions or suspensions, etc., containing the compound disclosed herein are employed. Topical formulations may generally be comprised of a pharmaceutical carrier, co-solvent, emulsifier, penetration enhancer, preservative system, and emollient.

For intravenous administration, the compounds and compositions described herein may be dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, such as a saline or dextrose solution. Suitable excipients may be included to achieve the desired pH, including but not limited to NaOH, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, HCl, and citric acid. In various embodiments, the pH of the final composition ranges from 2 to 8, or preferably from 4 to 7. Antioxidant excipients may include sodium bisulfite, acetone sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde, sulfoxylate, thiourea, and EDTA. Other non-limiting examples of suitable excipients found in the final intravenous composition may include sodium or potassium phosphates, citric acid, tartaric acid, gelatin, and carbohydrates such as dextrose, mannitol, and dextran. Further acceptable excipients are described in Powell, et al., Compendium of Excipients for Parenteral Formulations, PDA J Pharm Sci and Tech 1998, 52 238-311 and Nema et al., Excipients and Their Role in Approved Injectable Products: Current Usage and Future Directions, PDA J Pharm Sci and Tech 2011, 65 287-332, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Antimicrobial agents may also be included to achieve a bacteriostatic or fungistatic solution, including but not limited to phenylmercuric nitrate, thimerosal, benzethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, phenol, cresol, and chlorobutanol.

The compositions for intravenous administration may be provided to caregivers in the form of one more solids that are reconstituted with a suitable diluent such as sterile water, saline or dextrose in water shortly prior to administration. In other embodiments, the compositions are provided in solution ready to administer parenterally. In still other embodiments, the compositions are provided in a solution that is further diluted prior to administration. In embodiments that include administering a combination of a compound described herein and another agent, the combination may be provided to caregivers as a mixture, or the caregivers may mix the two agents prior to administration, or the two agents may be administered separately.

The actual dose of the active compounds described herein depends on the specific compound, and on the condition to be treated; the selection of the appropriate dose is well within the knowledge of the skilled artisan.

Some boronic acid derivatives described herein can form an oligomer such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer. To prevent the boronic acid derivatives from forming such oligomers, some embodiments include pharmaceutical composition in which an excipient is included that prevents or limits the formation of oligomers. The excipient can be a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. In one embodiment, the monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative is meglumine. Other excipients include but are not limited to ethanolamine, diethanolamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), L-lysine, and Pyridine-2-methanol.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a chemical complex formed between the monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative and the compound of Formula (III) described herein. In some embodiments, the interaction between the two components help increase the stability and/or solubility of the compound of Formula (III).

More generally, in some embodiments the monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative can form a chemical complex with any compound containing a boronate moiety. In some embodiments, the compound containing a boronate moiety can be a boronic acid derivative described herein such as a compound of Formula (III) described herein. In other embodiments, the compound containing a boronate moiety can be any other boronate containing compounds, for example, known boronate-containing pharmaceutical agents. In some other embodiments, the monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative used in forming the stable complex can be meglumine.

In some embodiments, of the inclusion of meglumine in a pharmaceutical composition prevents or reduces the formation of oligomers at a pH range desirable for pharmaceutical administration. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition can be in the range of about 5 to about 9, about 6 to 8, about 6 to about 7.5, about 7.1 to about 7.3, or about 7.1 to about 7.2. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition can be in the range of about 7.0-7.3. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition can be about 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition can be about 7.1. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition can be about 7.2.

The amount of the boronic acid derivatives that are present in a monomer form can vary depending on the pH of the solution, the oligomer-preventing excipient included, and the amount of the excipient in the composition. In some embodiments, the percentage of the monomer form can be more than 85%, more than 88%, more than 90%, more than 92%, more than 95%, more than 97% by weight, based on the total amount of the boronic acid derivative in the composition. In some embodiments, the percentage of the monomer form can be more than 96% by weight based on the total amount of the boronic acid derivative in the composition. In some embodiments, the percentage of the monomer form can be more than 97% by weight based on the total amount of the boronic acid derivative in the composition.

Methods of Treatment

Some embodiments of the present invention include methods of treating bacterial infections with the compounds and compositions comprising the compounds described herein. Some methods include administering a compound, composition, pharmaceutical composition described herein to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a subject can be an animal, e.g., a mammal (including a human). In some embodiments, the bacterial infection comprises a bacteria described herein. As will be appreciated from the foregoing, methods of treating a bacterial infection include methods for preventing bacterial infection in a subject at risk thereof.

In some embodiments, the subject is a human.

Further embodiments include administering a combination of compounds to a subject in need thereof. A combination can include a compound, composition, pharmaceutical composition described herein with an additional medicament.

Some embodiments include co-administering a compound, composition, and/or pharmaceutical composition described herein, with an additional medicament. By “co-administration,” it is meant that the two or more agents may be found in the patient's bloodstream at the same time, regardless of when or how they are actually administered. In one embodiment, the agents are administered simultaneously. In one such embodiment, administration in combination is accomplished by combining the agents in a single dosage form. In another embodiment, the agents are administered sequentially. In one embodiment the agents are administered through the same route, such as orally. In another embodiment, the agents are administered through different routes, such as one being administered orally and another being administered i.v.

Examples of additional medicaments include an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and an anti-allergic agent.

Preferred embodiments include combinations of a compound, composition or pharmaceutical composition described herein with an antibacterial agent such as a β-lactam. Examples of such β-lactams include Amoxicillin, Ampicillin (e.g., Pivampicillin, Hetacillin, Bacampicillin, Metampicillin, Talampicillin), Epicillin, Carbenicillin (Carindacillin), Ticarcillin, Temocillin, Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam), Sulbenicillin, Benzylpenicillin (G), Clometocillin, Benzathine benzylpenicillin, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Azidocillin, Penamecillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V), Propicillin, Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, Pheneticillin, Cloxacillin (e.g., Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin), Oxacillin, Methicillin, Nafcillin, Faropenem, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Panipenem, Cefazolin, Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefaloglycin, Cefalonium, Cefaloridine, Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine, Cefazedone, Cefazaflur, Cefradine, Cefroxadine, Ceftezole, Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide, Cefotiam, Cefprozil, Cefbuperazone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefmetazole, Loracarbef, Cefixime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefcapene, Cefdaloxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefetamet, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpimizole, Cefpiramide, Cefpodoxime, Cefsulodin, Cefteram, Ceftibuten, Ceftiolene, Ceftizoxime, Flomoxef, Latamoxef, Cefepime, Cefozopran, Cefpirome, Cefquinome, Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline, Ceftiofur, Cefquinome, Cefovecin, Aztreonam, Tigemonam and Carumonam, CXA-101, RWJ-54428, MC-04,546, ME1036, RWJ-442831, RWJ-333441, or RWJ-333442.

Preferred embodiments include β-lactams such as Ceftazidime, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem and Panipenem.

Additional preferred embodiments include β-lactams such as Aztreonam, Tigemonam, BAL30072, SYN 2416 and Carumonam.

Additional Examples of such β-lactams include penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactam, bridged monobactam, or combination thereof, wherein the penicillin is benzathine penicillin, benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, procaine, penicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, temocillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, co-amoxiclav, azlocillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, apalcillin, hetacillin, bacampicillin, sulbenicillin, mecicilam, pevmecillinam, ciclacillin, talapicillin, aspoxicillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin, pivampicillin, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cephalosporin can be cephalothin, cephaloridin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephradine, ceftizoxime, cefoxitin, cephacetril, cefotiam, cefotaxime, cefsulodin, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, cefinenoxime, cefinetazole, cephaloglycin, cefonicid, cefodizime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefpiramide, cefbuperazone, cefozopran, cefepim, cefoselis, cefluprenam, cefuzonam, cefpimizole, cefclidin, cefixime, ceftibuten, cefdinir, cefpodoxime axetil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefteram pivoxil, cefetamet pivoxil, cefcapene pivoxil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, loracarbacef, latamoxef, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cephalosporin can be an anti-MRSA cephalosporin.

In some embodiments, the anti-MRSA cephalosporin is cefiobiprole, cefiaroline, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the carbapenem is imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, faropenem, doripenem, biapenem, panipenem, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the carbapenem is an anti-MRSA carbapenem.

In some embodiments, the anti-MRSA carbapenem is PZ601 or ME1036.

Some embodiments include a combination of the compounds, compositions and/or pharmaceutical compositions described herein with an additional agent, wherein the additional agent comprises a monobactam. Examples of monobactams include aztreonam, tigemonam, nocardicin A, carumonam, and tabtoxin. In some such embodiments, the compound, composition and/or pharmaceutical composition comprises a class A, C, or D beta-lactamase inhibitor. Some embodiments include co-administering the compound, composition or pharmaceutical composition described herein with one or more additional agents.

Some embodiments include a combination of the compounds, compositions and/or pharmaceutical compositions described herein with an additional agent, wherein the additional agent comprises a class B beta lactamase inhibitor. An example of a class B beta lactamase inhibitor includes ME1071 (Yoshikazu Ishii et al, “In Vitro Potentiation of Carbapenems with ME1071, a Novel Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitor, against Metallo-β-lactamase Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates.” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/AAC.01397-09 (July 2010)). Some embodiments include co-administering the compound, composition or pharmaceutical composition described herein with one or more additional agents.

Some embodiments include a combination of the compounds, compositions and/or pharmaceutical compositions described herein with an additional agent, wherein the additional agent comprises one or more agents that include a class A, B, C, or D beta lactamase inhibitor. Some embodiments include co-administering the compound, composition or pharmaceutical composition described herein with the one or more additional agents.

Indications

The compounds and compositions comprising the compounds described herein can be used to treat bacterial infections. Bacterial infections that can be treated with the compounds, compositions and methods described herein can comprise a wide spectrum of bacteria. Example organisms include gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Sarcina, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium, Proteus, Campylobacter, Citrobacter, Nisseria, Baccillus, Bacteroides, Peptococcus, Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, Haemophilus, Brucella and other organisms.

More examples of bacterial infections include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Francisella tularensis, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia intermedia, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus ducreyi, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Branhamella catarrhalis, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Borrelia burgdorferi, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Kingella, Moraxella, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides 3452A homology group, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides ovalus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, or Staphylococcus saccharolyticus.

The following examples will further describe the present invention, and are used for the purposes of illustration only, and should not be considered as limiting.

EXAMPLES Example 1 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(trifluoromethylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (1)

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 1B

To the mixture of TFAA (225 mL) and TFA (370 mL) was added compound 1A (45 g, 292 mmol) slowly at −10° C., followed by the addition of acetone (60 g, 1.03 mmol) in TFA (77 mL) over 1 h. After being stirred at −4° C. for 3 h, the solution was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 2 days before it was concentrated in vacuo to dryness. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with NaHCO₃ solution, dried over Na₂SO₄. Column chromatography (hexanes/ethyl acetate/DCM, v/v/v, 20/1/20) gave the titled compound 1B (28 g, 49.4% yield) as slightly yellow oil.

Step 2: Synthesis of Compound 1C

To the solution of compound 1B (28 g, 144.2 mmol) and triethylamine (73 g, 721 mmol) in dichloromethane (300 mL) at −78° C. was added Tf₂O (81.3 g, 288.4 mmol, 2 eq). The resulting mixture was warmed up to 0° C. slowly and stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour before it was quenched with water. The mixture was extracted with DCM and dried over Na₂SO₄. After concentrated to dryness, the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/40) to give the titled compound 1C (44 g, 93.6%) as a slightly yellow oil.

Step 3: Synthesis of Compound 1D

The mixture of compound 1C (21 g, 64.4 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (21.3 g, 83.7 mmol), KOAc (18.9 g, 193 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (2.6 g, 3.22 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) was degassed for three times and flushed with nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 15 hours. After concentrated to dryness, the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/100˜1/20) to give the titled compound 1D (8.9 g, 45%) as slightly yellow oil.

Step 4: Synthesis of Compound 1E

Compound 1D (8.9 g, 29.3 mmol) was dissolved in THF (100 mL) and (+)-pinanediol (4.98 g, 29.3 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. After concentrated to dryness, the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/200˜1/50) to give the titled compound 1E (3.2 g, 31% yield) as slightly yellow oil.

MS calcd for (C₂₀H₂₅BO₅): 356

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 357

Step 5: Synthesis of Compound 1F

To a solution of CH₂ICl (1.34 g, 7.67 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at −78° C. was added 2.5 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (3.07 mL, 7.67 mmol) slowly under nitrogen and down the inside wall of the flask. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 minutes before the addition of Compound 1E from step 4 (2.1 g, 5.90 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at −78° C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 16 h before it was quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride. The phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with diethyl ether (3×50 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄. The concentrated material was chromatographed (100% hexane-20% EtOAc-hexane) to obtain the titled compound 1F (2.07 g, 95% yield) as slightly yellow oil.

MS calcd for (C₂₁H₂₇BO₅): 370

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 371

Step 6: Synthesis of Compound 1G

To a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (0.72 mL, 11.2 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at −100° C. was added 2.5 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (2.9 mL, 7.28 mmol) slowly under nitrogen and down the inside wall of the flask, maintaining the temperature below −90° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes before the addition of Compound 1F from step 5 (2.07 g, 5.6 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at −90° C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly and stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with diethyl ether (3×50 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated material was then chromatographed (100% hexane-20% EtOAc-hexane) to obtain the titled compound 1G (1.48 g, 63% yield) as slightly yellow oil.

Step 7: Synthesis of Compound 1H

Compound 1G (1.48 g, 3.53 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen. A solution of 1 M LiHMDS solution in THF (3.6 mL, 3.6 mmol) was added slowly at −78° C. Upon completion of the addition, the reaction flask was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stiffing at room temperature for 16 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and hexane (20 mL) was added. The precipitated lithium salts were filtered off through a Celite pad, rinsed with additional hexane and the combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum to give crude bis(trimethylsilyl)amine product 1H (3.5 mmol).

MS calcd for (C₂₈H₄₆BNO₅Si₂): 543

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M−2*TMS+3): 400

Step 8: Synthesis of Compound 1I

Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine compound 1H (260 mg, 0.48 mmol) was stirred in MeOH/THF (1 mL/10 mL) for 30 min at room temperature before it was concentrated to dryness in vacuo to afford the free amine as yellow oil. Trifluoromethylsulfanyl-acetic acid (91 mg, 0.57 mmol) and CDI (115 mg, 0.71 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (2 mL) at stirred at 45° C. for 1 h. After cooling down, the free amine obtained above in 1 mL DMF was added and was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. The concentrated material was then chromatographed (EtOAc-hexane: 1/20˜1/2) to obtain the titled compound 1I (110 mg, 42.5% yield) as slightly yellow oil.

MS calcd for (C₂₅H₃₁BF₃NO₆S): 541

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 540

Step 9: Synthesis of (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(trifluoromethylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (1)

To the solution of compound I (110 mg, 0.2 mmol) in MeOH/hexane (2 mL/2 mL) was added isobutyl boronic acid (41 mg, 0.4 mmol) and concentrated HCl (0.2 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The two layers were separated and the MeOH layer was washed with hexanes twice before it was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was stirred in dioxane (2 mL) and 3 N aqueous HCl (3 mL) at 80° C. for 2 h. After concentration, the residue was purified by reverse-phase prep-HPLC to afford 1 (8 mg) as a white solid after lyophilization.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.83 (dd, 1H, J=6.0, 6.0 Hz), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 6.96 (dd, 1H, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz), 3.86 (d, 2H, J=5.6 Hz), 3.34 (s, 1H), 2.97 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₂H₁₁BF₃NO₅S): 349

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 350

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 348

Example 2 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-ylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (2)

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 2A

Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine compound 1H (260 mg, 0.48 mmol) was stirred in MeOH/THF (1 mL/10 mL) for 1 h at room temperature before it was concentrated to dryness in vacuo to afford the free amine as yellow oil. (1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid (99 mg, 0.57 mmol) and CDI (115 mg, 0.71 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (2 mL) at stirred at 50° C. for 2 h. After cooling down, the free amine obtained above in 1 mL DMF was added and was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. After concentration, the crude compound 2A was used directly for next step (205 mg, crude).

MS calcd for (C₂₆H₃₄BN₅O₆S): 555

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 554

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-ylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (2)

To the solution of compound 2A (200 mg, crude) in MeOH/hexane (1.5 mL/1.5 mL) was added isobutyl boronic acid (82 mg, 0.8 mmol) and concentrated HCl (0.15 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The two layers were separated and the MeOH layer was diluted with 10 mL MeOH, washed with hexanes twice before it was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was stirred in dioxane (1.5 mL) and 3 N aqueous HCl (1.5 mL) at 80° C. for 2 h. After concentration, the residue was purified by reverse-phase prep-HPLC to afford 2 (17 mg) as a white solid after lyophilization.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.74 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.4 Hz), 7.09 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz), 6.81 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 4.12-4.24 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.34 (s, 1H), 2.89 (d, 2H, J=3.6 Hz).

MS calcd for (C₁₃H₁₄BN₅O₅S): 363

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 364

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 362

Example 3 (R)-3-(2-(difluoromethylthio)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (3)

1C was prepared as described in example 1.

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 3A

The mixture of compound 1C (10.8 g, 33.1 mmol), potassium vinyl trifluoroborate (5.3 g, 39.8 mmol), triethylamine (6.7 g, 9.3 mL, 66.2 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (1.35 g, 1.65 mmol) in i-PrOH (200 mL) was degassed for three times and flushed with nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 1 hour. After concentrated to dryness, the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/100˜1/40) to give the titled compound 3A (6.6 g, 98% yield) as a slightly yellow oil.

Step 2: Synthesis of Compound 3B

Benzoquinone (3.85 g, 35.6 mmol) and PdCl₂(CH₃CN)₂ (201 mg, 0.78 mmol) were added into t-BuOH (150 mL) at 85° C., followed by water (0.56 mL, 31 mmol) and compound 3A (6.3 g, 31 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 85° C. for 30 minutes until TLC indicating the disappearance of compound 3A. After concentrated to dryness, the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/5˜1/2) to give the titled compound 3B (4.1 g, 60% yield) as slightly yellow solid.

Step 3: Synthesis of Compound 3C

To a solution of compound 3B (2.0 g, 9.1 mmol) and (R)-tert-butylsulfinic amide (1.32 g, 10.9 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added titanium(IV) ethoxide (3.8 mL, 18 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours before it was quenched with brine. The mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/21/1) to afford the titled compound 3C (2.04 g, 70% yield) as slightly yellow solid.

Step 4: Synthesis of Compound 3E

The solution of compound 3C (1.9 g, 5.9 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.7 g, 6.5 mmol) and NHC—Cu complex 3D (220 mg, 0.60 mmol) (For the synthesis of compound 3D, see: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11036) in anhydrous benzene (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 3 days. The reaction solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. After concentration, the residue was quickly chromatographed (20% EtOAc-dichloromethane, silica gel was de-activated with 35 wt % water) to afford the titled compound 3E (2.6 g, quantitative yield) as yellow solid.

Step 5: Synthesis of Compound 3F

To the solution of compound 3E (2.6 g, 5.9 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) was added methanol (2.4 mL, 59 mmol) and HCl (1.6 mL, 6.5 mmol, 4M in dioxane). The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness in vacuo and washed with ether/hexanes (v/v, 1/2). The residue (about 2.5 g) was used for next step without further purification.

Step 6: Synthesis of Compound 3H

Difluoromethylsulfanyl-acetic acid 3G (850 mg, 6.0 mmol) and CDI (1.01 g, 6.3 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (15 mL) at stirred at 50° C. for 1 h. After cooling down, compound 3F in 12 mL DMF was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The mixture was diluted with hexanes/EtOAc (1/4, v/v) and washed with water (2×) and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. After concentration, the crude compound 3H (1.8 g) was obtained as brown greasy solid, which was used directly for the next step.

Step 7: Synthesis of Compound 3I

The crude compound 3H (1.8 g, 3.8 mmol) and (+)-pinanediol (976 mg, 5.7 mmol) were stirred in THF (20 mL) at room temperature for 16 hours before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue was chromatographed (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/2˜1/1) to afford the titled compound 31 (1.02 g) as orange oil.

MS calcd for (C₂₅H₃₂BF₂NO₆S): 523

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 522

Step 8: Synthesis of (R)-3-(2-(difluoromethylthio)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (3)

To the solution of compound 31 (1.02 g, 1.95 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL) was added isobutyl boronic acid (800 mg, 7.8 mmol) and 3N aqueous HCl (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at 85° C. for 1.5 hours. The mixture was concentrated to about 20 mL and washed with hexanes and then ether. The organic layers were extracted with MeCN/water (v/v, 1/2). The combined water layer was purified by reverse-phase prep-HPLC to afford 3, (283 mg) as a white solid after lyophilization.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.58 (s, 1H), 10.39 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.34 (d, 1H), 7.01 (t, 1H), 6.80-6.96 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.82 (m, 2H), 2.72-3.05 (m, 3H). MS calcd for (C₁₂H₁₂BF₂NO₅S): 331

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 332

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 330

Example 4 (R)-3-formamido-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (4)

3F was prepared as described in example 3.

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 4A

To the solution of compound 3F (150 mg, 0.39 mmol) and formic acid (15 mg, 0.32 mmol) in DCM/DMF (3 mL/1 mL) was added TEA (58 mg, 0.58 mmol) and diethyl cyanophosphonate (52 mg, 0.32 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 15 hours at room temperature before it was concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in THF and (+)-pinanediol (66 mg, 0.39 mmol) was added. After stiffing at room temperature for 3 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated and chromatographed (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/2˜1/1) to afford the titled compound 4A (95 mg) as a yellow oil.

MS calcd for (C₂₃H₃₀BNO₆): 427

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 426

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-3-formamido-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (4)

To the mixture of TFA (6 mL) and triethylsilane (1 mL) was added compound 4A (95 mg, 0.22 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 50° C. for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue was washed with Et₂O (20 mL), and purified by prep-HPLC to afford 4, 13.4 mg) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 6.97 (dd, 1H, J=7.2, 7.2 Hz), 3.22 (s, 1H), 2.97 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₀H₁₀BNO₅): 235

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 236

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 234

Example 5 (R)-3-(2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (5)

3F was prepared as described in example 3.

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 5A

To the solution of compound 3F (140 mg, 0.36 mmol) and (5-Amino-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid (84 mg, 0.44 mmol) in DCM/DMF (3 mL/1 mL) was added TEA (81 mg, 0.80 mmol) and diethyl cyanophosphonate (71 mg, 0.44 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature before it was concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in THF and (+)-pinanediol (93 mg, 0.55 mmol) was added. After stiffing at room temperature for 15 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was used directly for next step.

MS calcd for (C₂₆H₃₃BN₄O₆S₂): 572

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 571

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-3-(2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (5)

To the mixture of TFA (6 mL) and triethylsilane (1 mL) was added crude compound 5A. The resulting solution was stirred at 50° C. for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue was washed with Et₂O (20 mL), and purified by prep-HPLC to afford 5 (35 mg) as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.79 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 8.0 Hz), 7.25 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 6.94 (dd, 1H, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz), 3.90-4.06 (m, 2H), 3.31 (s, 1H), 2.93 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₃H₁₃BN₄O₅S₂): 380

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 381

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 379

Example 6 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-ureido-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (6)

3F was prepared as described in example 3.

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 6A

To the solution of compound 3F (120 mg, 0.32 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TMSNCO (43 mg, 0.38 mmol) and DIPEA (48 mg, 0.38 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature before it was concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in THF and (+)-pinanediol (80 mg, 0.47 mmol) was added. After stiffing at room temperature for 15 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was used directly for next step.

MS calcd for (C₂₁H₃₁BN₂O₆): 442

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 441

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-2-hydroxy-3-ureido-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (6)

To the mixture of TFA (6 mL) and triethylsilane (1.5 mL) was added crude compound 6A. The resulting solution was stirred at 50° C. for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue was washed with Et₂O (20 mL), and purified by prep-HPLC to afford 6 (5.2 mg) as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.81 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.0 Hz), 7.30 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 6.94 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 7.6 Hz), 3.18 (s, 1H), 2.84 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₀H₁₁BN₂O₅): 250

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 251

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 249

Example 7 (R)-3-(2-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (7)

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 7B

To the solution of compound 7A (100 g, 0.657 mol) in THF (400 mL) was added Boc₂O (573 g, 2.63 mol), DMAP (24 g, 0.197 mol) and t-BuOH (800 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at 60° C. for 6 hours before it was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/200˜1/100) to give the titled compound 7B (85.9 g, 42.5% yield) as colorless oil.

Step 2: Synthesis of Compound 7C

To the solution of compound 7B (44.3 g, 144 mmol) and NBS (28.1 g, 158 mmol) in CCl₄ (400 mL) was added BPO (3.5 g, 14.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was refluxed at 80° C. for 15 hours. The solid was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was recrystallized with hexanes to afford the titled compound 7C (32.0 g, 57.6% yield) as white solid.

Step 3: Synthesis of Compound 7D

The mixture of compound 7C (47.5 g, 123 mmol), bis(pinanediolato)diboron (39.9 g, 112 mmol), KOAc (32.9 g, 336 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (4.5 g, 5.6 mmol) in dioxane (500 mL) was degassed for three times and flushed with nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 8 hours. After concentrated to dryness, the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes, v/v, 1/200˜1/100) to give the titled compound 7D (40 g, 59% yield) as slightly yellow oil.

Step 4: Synthesis of Compound 7E

To a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (4.2 mL, 65.8 mmol) in THF (160 mL) at −100° C. was added 2.5 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (18.4 mL, 46.0 mmol) slowly under nitrogen and down the inside wall of the flask, maintaining the temperature below −90° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at −100° C. for another 30 minutes before the addition of Compound 7D from step 3 (16.0 g, 32.9 mmol) in THF (30 mL) at −90° C. and then the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature where it was stirred for 16 h. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo directly to dryness and then chromatographed (100% hexane-20% EtOAc-hexane) to obtain the titled compound 7E (15.0 g, 85% yield) as slightly yellow oil.

Step 5: Synthesis of Compound 7F

Compound 7E (14.1 g, 26.4 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen. A solution of LiHMDS (27 mL, 1.0M in THF, 27.0 mmol) was added slowly at −78° C. Upon completion of the addition, the reaction flask was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stiffing at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and hexane (100 mL) was added. The precipitated lithium salts were filtered off through a Celite pad, rinsed with additional hexane, and the combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum to give crude bis(trimethylsilyl)amine product 7F (26.4 mmol), which was stored as a stock solution for future use.

MS calcd for (C₃₄H₅₈BNO₇Si₂): 659

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M−2*TMS+3): 516

Step 6: Synthesis of Compound 7G

To the solution of ([1,3,4]Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid (655 mg, 3.72 mmol) in DCM/DMF (10 mL/5 mL) was added HATU (1.40 g, 3.72 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring at 0° C. for 15 minutes, a solution of bis(trimethylsilyl)amine compound 7F (3.4 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added, followed by DIPEA (0.71 mL, 4.08 mmol). The resulting mixture was warmed up and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, extracted with DCM (50 mL*3), washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. The concentrated material was then chromatographed (EtOAc-hexane: v/v: 10/1-1/1) to obtain the titled compound 7G (1.35 g, 59% yield) as a slightly yellow greasy solid.

MS calcd for (C₃₂H₄₄BN₃O₈S₂): 673

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M+Na): 672

Step 7: Synthesis of (R)-3-(2-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (7)

To the mixture of TFA (40 mL) and triethylsilane (6 mL) was added compound 7G (1.35 g, 2.01 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue was washed with Et₂O (3×20 mL), and dissolved in CH₃CN/H₂O (20 mL/20 mL), dried by lyophilization to afford 7 (380 mg, 52% yield) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 9.28 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.15 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 6.84 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 7.6 Hz), 4.13-4.29 (m, 2H), 3.30 (s, 1H), 2.91 (d, 2H, J=3.2 Hz).

MS calcd for (C₁₃H₁₂BN₃O₅S₂): 365

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 366

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 364

Example 8 (R)-3-(2-azidoacetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (8)

7F was prepared as described in example 7.

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 8B

To the solution of 2-azidoacetic acid (8A) (J. Med. Chem., 2011, 54, 7375) (544 mg, 5.4 mmol) in DCM/DMF (20 mL/10 mL) was added HATU (2.05 g, 5.4 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring at 0° C. for 15 minutes, a solution of bis(trimethylsilyl)amine compound F (3.59 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added, followed by DIPEA (0.94 mL, 5.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was warmed up and stirred at room temperature overnight, extracted with DCM (50 mL*3), washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. The concentrated material was then chromatographed (EtOAc-hexane: v/v: 10/1-1/1) to obtain the titled compound 8B (582 mg, 27% yield) as a slightly yellow greasy solid.

MS calcd for (C₃₀H₄₃BN₄O₈): 598

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 597

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-3-(2-azidoacetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (8)

To the mixture of TFA (46 mL) and triethylsilane (8 mL) was added compound 8B (582 mg, 0.97 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue was partitioned in 20 mL water and 20 mL ether. The aqueous layer was washed with ether (2×20 mL) and dried by lyophilization to afford (8, 120 mg, 43% yield) as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.83 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.4 Hz), 7.31 (d, 1H, J=5.4 Hz), 6.97 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 7.6 Hz), 4.25 (d, 2H, J=5.2 Hz), 3.31 (s, 1H), 2.97 (d, 2H, J=3.2 Hz).

MS calcd for (C₁₁H₁₁BN₄O₅): 290

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 291

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 289

Example 9 (R)-3-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoacetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (9)

7F was prepared as described in example 7.

Step 1: Synthesis of 9B

To the solution of N,N-Dimethyl-oxalamic acid 9A (Heterocycles, 1993, 36, 2687) (125 mg, 1.07 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added Ghosez reagent (157 mg, 1.18 mmol) at 0° C. After stiffing at 0° C. for 30 minutes, a solution of compound 7F in pyridine (1 mL) was added into the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. After concentration, the crude 9B (157 mg) was obtained as yellow oil, which was used for next step without further purification.

MS calcd for (C₃₂H₄₇BN₂O₉): 614

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 613

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-3-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoacetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (9)

To the mixture of 90% TFA (2 mL) and triethylsilane (0.5 mL) was added compound 9B (157 mg, crude). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue purified by reverse-phase prep-HPLC to afford 9, (5.4 mg) as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.82 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.34 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 6.98 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 7.6 Hz), 3.37 (s, 1H), 2.85-3.05 (m, 2H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H).

MS calcd for (C₁₃H₁₅BN₂O₆): 306

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 307

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 305

Example 10 (R)-3-(3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropanamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (10)

7F was prepared as described in example 7.

Step 1: Synthesis of 10B

Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine compound 7F (300 mg, 0.5 mmol) was stirred in MeOH/THF (1 mL/5 mL) for 30 min at room temperature before it was concentrated to dryness in vacuo to afford the free amine as a yellow oil. Compound 10A (WO 09117540) (76 mg, 0.58 mmol) and CDI (94 mg, 0.58 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (2 mL) at stirred at 45° C. for 1 h. After cooling down, the free amine obtained above in 1 mL DMF was added and was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. The mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. After concentration, the crude titled compound 10B (345 mg) was obtained as slightly yellow oil, which was used for next step without further purification.

MS calcd for (C₃₃H₄₉BN₂O₉): 628

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 627

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-3-(3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropanamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (10)

To the mixture of 90% TFA (7 mL) and triethylsilane (2 mL) was added compound 10B (325 mg, crude). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue purified by reverse-phase prep-HPLC to afford 10 (40 mg) as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.83 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.96 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 7.6 Hz), 3.54-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.31 (s, 1H), 2.96 (d, 2H, J=3.2 Hz), 2.82 (d, 6H, J=2.0 Hz).

MS calcd for (C₁₋₄H₁₇BN₂O₆): 320

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 321

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 319

Example 11 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(methylthiocarbonylamino)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (11)

7F was prepared as described in example 7.

Step 1: Synthesis of 11A

Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine compound 7F (0.4 mmol) was stirred in MeOH/THF (0.5 mL/2 mL) for 30 min at room temperature before it was concentrated to dryness in vacuo to afford the free amine as a yellow oil. The free amine was dissolved in DCM (2 mL) and pyridine (38 mg, 0.48 mmol) was added, followed by methyl chlorothiolformate (53 mg, 0.4 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for 12 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. After concentration, the crude titled compound 11A (280 mg) was obtained as yellow oil, which was used for next step without further purification.

MS calcd for (C₃₀H₄₄BNO₈S): 589

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 588

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(methylthiocarbonylamino)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (11)

To the mixture of TFA (2 mL) and triethylsilane (0.5 mL) was added compound C1 (280 mg, crude). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue purified by reverse-phase prep-HPLC to afford 11 (30 mg) as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.85 (dd, 1H, J=1.2, 8.0 Hz), 7.31 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.97 (dd, 1H, J=7.2, 8.0 Hz), 3.30 (s, 1H), 2.91 (s, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H).

MS calcd for (C₁₁H₁₂BNO₅S): 281

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 282

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 280

Example 12 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(nicotinamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (12)

Intermediate 7F was made as described in example 7.

Step 1: Synthesis of 12A

To the solution of compound 7F (4 mmol, crude) and 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid (492 mg, 4 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) was added (EtO)₂POCN (652 mg, 4 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight before it was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM and washed with water, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Column chromatography gave titled compound 12A (1.311 g) as slightly yellow oil.

MS calcd for (C₃₄H₄₅BN₂O₈): 620

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 619

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(nicotinamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (12)

To the mixture of TFA (56 mL) and triethylsilane (16 mL) was added compound 12A (1.311 g). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before it was concentrated to dryness. The residue was washed with ether to afford 12 (450 mg) as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 9.18 (m, 1H), 8.98 (m, 1H), 8.42 (m, 1H), 7.98 (m, 1H), 7.76 (m, 1H), 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 1H), 3.26 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₅H₁₃BN₂O₅): 312

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 313

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 311

Example 13 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(methylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (13)

(R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(methylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (13) was prepared following the procedure described in example 7 (steps 1-7) replacing the ([1,3,4]Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid in step 6 with 2-(methylthio)acetic acid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.84 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.33 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 6.98 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 3.33 (S, 1H), 3.20 (s, 2H), 2.97 (s, 2H), 1.70 (s, 3H).

MS calcd for (C₁₂H₁₄BNO₅S): 295

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 296

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 294

Example 14 (R)-3-(5-fluoronicotinamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (14)

(R)-3-(5-fluoronicotinamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (14) was prepared following the procedure described in example 7 (steps 1-7) replacing the ([1,3,4]Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid in step 6 with 5-fluoronicotinic acid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) 811.10 (s, 1H), 8.84 (d, 2H, J=15.6 Hz), 8.10 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 7.63 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.29 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 6.87 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 3.25 (s, 1H), 2.95 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₅H₁₂BFN₂O₅): 330

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 331

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 329

Example 15 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(thiazole-5-carboxamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (15)

(R)-2-hydroxy-3-(thiazole-5-carboxamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (15) was prepared following the procedure described in example 7 (steps 1-7) replacing the ([1,3,4]Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid in step 6 with thiazole-5-carboxylic acid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 9.31 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.33 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.94 (t, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 3.48 (s, 1H), 3.05 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₅H₁₂BFN₂O₅): 318

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 319

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 317

Example 16 (R)-3-(3-amino-3-oxopropanamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (16)

Compound 16 above was prepared following the procedure described in Example 8 except replacing the 2-azidoacetic acid in step 1 with 3-amino-3-oxopropanoic acid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.82 (dd, 1H, J=1.2, 8.0 Hz), 7.31 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz), 6.94 (dd, 1H, J=7.2, 7.2 Hz), 3.27-3.32 (m, 3H), 2.95 (d, 2H, J=3.6 Hz).

MS calcd for (C₁₂H₁₃BN₂O₆): 292

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 293

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 291

Example 17 (R)-3-(2-amino-2-oxoacetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (17)

Compound (17) was prepared following the procedure described in example 8 except replacing the 2-azidoacetic acid in step 1 with 2-amino-2-oxoacetic acid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.82 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.31 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 6.96 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 7.6 Hz), 3.39 (t, 1H, J=4.0 Hz), 2.98 (d, 2H, J=3.6 Hz).

MS calcd for (C₁₁H₁₁BN₂O₆): 278

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M-H2O+1): 261

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 277

Example 18 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(pyrimidine-5-carboxamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (18)

Compound (18) was prepared following the procedure described in Example 8 except replacing the 2-azidoacetic acid in step 1 with pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 9.34 (s, 1H), 9.16 (s, 2H), 7.80 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 7.34 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz), 6.94 (dd, 1H, J=7.6, 7.6 Hz), 3.51 (t, 1H, J=3.6 Hz), 3.09 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C_(m)H₁₂BN₃O₅): 313

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 314

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 312

Example 19 (R)-3-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (19)

Compound (19) was prepared following the procedure described in example 7 (steps 1-7) except replacing the ([1,3,4]Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid in step 6 with 5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylic acid.

5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylic acid was prepared in accordance with the method described for preparing 5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carboxylic acid in PCT publication WO 2010/144338, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.78 (dd, 1H, J=0.8, 8.0 Hz), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 6.95 (dd, 1H, J=8.0, 8.0 Hz), 3.43 (t, 1H, J=3.6 Hz), 3.01-3.04 (m, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₂H₁₁BN₄O₅S): 334

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 335

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 333

Example 20 (R)-3-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carboxamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (20)

Compound (20) was prepared following the same procedure described in example 7 (steps 1-7) except replacing the ([1,3,4]Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid in step 6 with 5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carboxylic acid in accordance with the method described in PCT Publication WO 2010/144338, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.81 (d, 1H), 7.32 (d, 1H), 6.95 (dd, 1H), 3.44 (s, 1H), 3.03 (s, 2H).

MS calcd for (C₁₂H₁₁BN₄O₆): 318

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 317

Example 21 (R)-2-hydroxy-3-(3-(methylamino)-3-oxopropanamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (21)

Compound (21) was prepared following the same procedure described in example 7 (steps 1-7) except replacing the ([1,3,4]Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid in step 6 with 3-(methylamino)-3-oxopropanoic acid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.82 (d, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 6.96 (dd, 1H), 3.30, (m, 1H), 3.27 (s, 2H), 2.96 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H).

MS calcd for (C₁₃H₁₅BN₂O₆): 306

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 307

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 305

Example 22 (R)-3-(2-(azetidin-3-ylthio)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylic acid (22)

Compound 22 was prepared following the same procedure described in example 7 (steps 1-7) except replacing the ([1,3,4]Thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-acetic acid in step 6 with 2-({1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]azetidin-3-yl}sulfanyl)acetic acid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.84 (d, 1H), 7.34 (d, 1H), 7.00 (dd, 1H), 4.84 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.31-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.30 (m, 1H), 3.01 (m, 2H).

MS calcd for (C_(m)H₁₇BN₂O₅S): 336

MS (ESI, positive) found: (M+1): 337

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 335

General Procedure for Prodrug Formation:

To a solution of Compound 13 (0.5 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added a chloro or bromo substituted prodrug moiety (1 mmol), followed by K₂CO₃ (0.75 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 18 hours and then brought to room temperature. After the mixture was concentrated, the residue was purified by prep-HPLC (C₁₈, acetonitrile and water as mobile phases, 0.1% formic acid) to obtain the titled compound. The following compounds were synthesized following this procedure.

Example 23 (R)-pivaloyloxymethyl 2-hydroxy-3-(2-(methylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylate (23)

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 6.82 (t, 1H), 5.93 (m, 2H), 3.17 (s, 2H), 2.80-3.18 (m, 3H), 1.70 (s, 3H), 1.29 (d, 6H).

MS calcd for (C₁₈H₂₄BNO₇S) 409

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 408

Example 24 (R)-(isopropoxycarbonyloxy)methyl 2-hydroxy-3-(2-(methylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][ 1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylate (24)

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 10.04 (bs, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.22 (d, 1H), 6.82 (t, 1H), 5.92 (m, 2H), 3.30 (m, 1H), 3.17 (s, 2H), 3.11 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.89 (m, 2H), 1.69 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 9H).

MS calcd for (C₁₇H₂₂BNO₈S) 411

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 410

Example 25 (R)-butyryloxymethyl 2-hydroxy-3-(2-(methylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylate (25)

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 10.05 (bs, 1H), 7.57 (d, 1H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 6.81 (t, 1H), 5.93 (m, 2H), 3.18 (s, 2H), 3.11 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.37 (t, 2H), 1.62-1.70 (m, 5H), 0.90 (t, 3H).

MS calcd for (C₁₇H₂₂BNO₇S) 395

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 394

Example 26 (R)-(2-ethylbutanoyloxy)methyl 2-hydroxy-3-(2-(methylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylate (26)

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.57 (d, 1H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 6.82 (t, 1H), 5.96 (s, 2H), 3.17 (s, 2H), 3.12 (s, 1H), 2.75-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 1.69 (s, 3H), 1.48-1.70 (m, 4H), 0.90 (t, 6H).

MS calcd for (C₁₉H₂₆BNO₇S) 423

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 422

Example 27 (3R)-1-(ethoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-(2-(methylthio)acetamido)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2]oxaborinine-8-carboxylate (27)

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 10.03 (bs, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 6.92, (m, 1H), 6.81 (t, 1H), 4.20 (q, 2H), 3.18 (s, 2H), 3.10 (s, 1H), 2.75-2.90 (m, 2H), 1.70 (s, 3H), 1.58 (d, 3H), 1.28 (t, 3H).

MS calcd for (C₁₇H₂₂BNO₈S) 411

MS (ESI, negative) found: (M−1): 410

Example 28 Potentiation of Aztreonam

The potency and spectrum of β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) was determined by assessing their aztreonam potentiation activity in a dose titration potentiation assay using strains of various bacteria that are resistant to aztreonam due to expression of various β-lactamases. Aztreonam is a monobactam antibiotic and is hydrolyzed by the majority of beta-lactamases that belong to class A or C (but not class B or D). The potentiation effect was observed as the ability of BLI compounds to inhibit growth in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of aztreonam. MICs of test strains varied from 64 μg/mL to >128 μg/mL. Aztreonam was present in the test medium at 4 μg/mL. Compounds were tested at concentrations up to 40 μg/mL. In this assay potency of compounds was reported as the minimum concentration of BLI required to inhibit growth of bacteria in the presence of 4 μg/mL of aztreonam (MPC_(@4)). Table 1 summarizes the BLI potency of aztreonam potentiation (MPC_(@4)) for various strains overexpressing class A (ESBL and KPC), and class C beta-lactamases. Aztreonam MIC for each strain is also shown. The results were compared to comparative compounds A and B:

TABLE 1 Activity of BLIs to potentiate aztreonam against strains expressing class A and class C enzymes. Aztreonam MIC (μg/mL) >128 >128 >128 64 128 >128 64 >128 AZT AZT AZT AZT MPC4 MPC4 MPC4 AZT MPC4 AZT AZT CTX-M- CTX- SHV- MPC4 TEM- MPC4 AZT MPC4 14 M-15 5 SHV-12 10 KPC-2 MPC4 CMY-6 KP1005 KP1009 ec308 KP1010 ec302 KP1004 ECL1002 EC1010 CPD A Y Y X X Y Y Y Y CPD B Z Z Y Y Z Z Z Z 2 X Y X X Y Y Y Y 1 Y Y X X Y Y Y Y 3 X Y X X Y Y Y X 4 Y Y Y X Y X Y X 8 X X X X Y X Y X 5 X X X X Y Y Y X 6 Y Y Y Y Z X Z Y 7 X X X X Y Y Y X 9 Y Y X X Y Y Y Y 10 Y X Y X Y X Y X 11 Y Y X X Y Y Y Y 12 Y Y Y X X Y X Y 13 X X X X Y X X X 14 Y Y Y X Y Y Y Y 15 Y Y X X X Y Y Y 16 X X X X X Y X X 17 Y Y X X X Y Y Y 18 Y Y Y X X Y Y Y 19 Y Y X X Y Y Y X 20 Y X X X Y Y X X 21 Y X X X Y Y X X 22 X X X X Y X X X X = MIC of less than 1 μg/mL Y = MIC of 1 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL Z = MIC of greater than 10 μg/mL

Example 29 Potentiation of Tigemonam

Selected β-lactamase inhibitors were also tested for their ability to potentiate the monobactam tigemonam. The potentiation effect is observed as the ability of BLI compounds to inhibit growth in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of tigemonam. MICs of test strains varied from 16 μg/mL to >64 μg/mL. Tigemonam was present in the test medium at 4 μg/mL. Compounds were tested at concentrations up to 40 μg/mL. In this assay potency of compounds was reported as the minimum concentration of BLI required to inhibit growth of bacteria in the presence of 4 μg/mL of aztreonam (MPC@₄). Table 2 summarizes the BLI potency of tigemonam potentiation (MPC_(@4)) for various strains overexpressing class A (ESBL) and class C beta-lactamases. Tigemonam MIC for each strain is also shown. The results were compared to comparative compounds A and B:

TABLE 2 Activity of BLIs to potentiate tigemonam against strains expressing class A and class C enzymes. Tigemonam MIC (μg/mL) >64 >64 >64 >64 >64 32 16 TIG TIG TIG TIG TIG MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ TIG CTX- CTX- SHV- SHV- TEM- TIG MPC4 M-14 M-15 5 12 10 MPC4 CMY-6 KP1005 KP1009 ec308 KP1010 ec302 ECL1002 EC1010 CPD A Y Y Y X Z Y X CPD B Z Z Y Y Z Y Y 2 X Y X X Y X X 1 Y Y X X Z X X 3 X X X X Y Y X 4 Y Y Y X Z X X 8 X X Y X Y X X 5 X X Y X Y X X 6 Z Y Z Y Z Y X 7 X X X X Y Y X 9 Y Y Y Y Z Y Y 10 Y X Y X Z X X 11 Y Y Y X Z Y X 12 Y Y Y X Y X Y 13 X X X X Y X X 14 Y Y Y X Y Y Y 15 Y Y Y X Y Y Y 16 Y X Y X Y X X 17 Z Y Y Y X Y X 18 Y Y Y X Y Y X 19 Y Y X X Y Y X 20 Y X X X Y X X 21 Y Y Y X Z X X 22 Y X Y X Z X X X = MIC of less than 1 μg/mL Y = MIC of 1 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL Z = MIC of greater than 10 μg/mL

Example 30 Potentiation of Biapenem

β-lactamase inhibitors were also tested for their ability to potentiate the carbapenem biapenem against strains producing class A (KPC) and class D (OXA-48) carbapenemases. The potentiation effect is observed as the ability of BLI compounds to inhibit growth in the presence of a sub-inhibitory concentration of biapenem. Biapenem MIC of test strains were 16-32 μg/mL. Biapenem was present in the test medium at 1 μg/mL. Compounds were tested at concentrations up to 40 μg/mL. In this assay potency of compounds was reported as the minimum concentration of BLI required to inhibit growth of bacteria in the presence of 1 μg/mL of biapenem (MPC_(@1)). Table 3 summarizes the BLI potency of biapenem potentiation (MPC_(@1)) for two strains overexpressing class A (KPC) and class D (OXA-48) carbapenemases. Biapenem MIC for each strain is also shown. The results were compared to comparative compounds A and B:

TABLE 3 Activity of BLIs to potentiate biapenem against strains expressing class A (KPC) or class D (OXA-48) carbapenemases. Biapenem MIC (μg/mL) 32 16 BPM MPC₁ BPM MPC₁ KP1004 KPC-2 OXA-48 KP1086 CPD A X Y CPD B X Z 2 X Y 1 X Y 3 X Y 4 X Y 8 X Y 5 X Y 6 X Y 7 X Y 9 X Z 10 X Y 11 X Y 12 X Y 13 X Y 14 X Y 15 X Y 16 X Y 17 X Y 18 Y Y 19 X Y 20 X Y 21 X Y 22 X Y X = MIC of less than 1 μg/mL Y = MIC of 1 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL Z = MIC of greater than 10 μg/mL

Example 31 Inhibitory Activity

K_(i) values of inhibition of purified class A, C and D enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically using nitrocefin as reporter substrate. Purified enzymes were mixed with various concentrations of inhibitors in reaction buffer and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Nitrocefin was added and substrate cleavage profiles were recorded at 490 nm every 10 sec for 10 min. The results of these experiments are presented in Table 5. These experiments confirmed that the described compounds are inhibitors with a broad-spectrum of activity towards various β-lactamases. The results were compared to comparative compounds A and B:

TABLE 4 Activity of BLIs (Ki, uM) to inhibit cleavage of nitrocefin by purified class A, C and D enzymes Ki Ki Ki Ki (CTX- (SHV- (TEM- Ki Ki Ki (OXA- M-14, 12, 10, (KPC-2, (P99, (CMY-2, 48, NCF), NCF), NCF), NCF), NCF), NCF), NCF), uM uM uM uM uM uM uM CPD A X X Y Z Y X X CPD B X X Y Z Y Y Y 2 Y X Y Y Y Y Y 1 Y X Y Y Y Y Y 3 Y X Y Z X Y X 4 Y Y Z Z Y Y Y 8 Y X Y Z Y Y X 5 Y X X Z X X X 6 Y Y Z Z Z Z Z 7 X X Y Z X X Y 9 Y Y Y Z Y Y Y 10 Y X Y Z Y Y Y 11 Y X Y Z X X X 12 X X Y Y X Y X 13 X Y Y Z Y Y X 14 X X Y Z Y Y Y 15 X X Y Z Y Y X 16 Y X Z Z Y Y X 17 Y Y Z Z Y Y Y 18 Y X Y Z Y Y Y 19 Y X Y Z Y ND Y 20 Y Y Y Z Y NF Y 21 Y X Y Z Y ND X 22 Y X Y Z Y ND Y X = Less than 0.001 μM Y = 0.001 μM to 0.01 μM Z = Greater than 0.01 μM

Example 32 MexAB-OprM Dependent Efflux of BLIs

Efflux of BLIs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the MexAB-OprM efflux pump was also evaluated. The plasmid expressing the gene encoding KPC-2 was introduced into two strains of P. aeruginosa, PAM1032 and PAM1154 that overexpressed or lacked MexAB-OprM, respectively. Due to expression of KPC-2 both strains became resistant to biapenem. Biapenem is not affected by efflux in P. aeruginosa and both strains had the same biapenem MIC of 32 μg/ml. Potency of BLIs to potentiate biapenem in these strains was determined. Potency was defined as the ability of BLI to decrease MIC of biapenem 64-fold, from 32 μg/ml to 0.5 μg/ml, or MPC₆₄. The ratio of MPC₆₄ values for each BLI in PAM1032/KPC-2 (efflux proficient) and PAM1154/KPC-2 (efflux deficient) was determined to generate the Efflux Index (EI). The results were compared to comparative compound A:

Table 5 shows MPC₆₄ and EIs values for selected BLIs.

TABLE 5 MexAB-OprM Dependent Efflux of BLIs from P. aeruginosa PAM1032/KPC-2 PAM11154/KPC-2 Biapenem MPC₆₄ Biapenem MPC₆₄ EI CPD A 80 2.5 32 3 80 5 16 2 >80 10 >8 1 >80 5 >16 4 5 1.25 4 8 20 2.5 8 5 10 5 2 6 5 1.25 4 7 80 5 16 10 80 10 8 11 80 2.5 32 12 80 5 16 13 40 2.5 16 14 >80 5 >16 15 80 2.5 32 16 20 5 4 17 80 5 16 18 ND ND ND 19 80 2.5 32 20 80 10 8 21 40 10 4 22 2.5 2.5 1 X = Less than 10 Y = 10 to 40 Z Greater than 40

Example 33 Inhibition of Serine Proteases

The effect of selected BLIs on the enzymatic activity of some common mammalian serine proteases was evaluated. Serine proteases used in the studies are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 List of Serine Proteases Used to Evaluate Selectivity of BLIs. Catalog Enzyme Source number Trypsin Calbiochem 6502 Chymotrypsin Calbiochem 230832 Plasmin MPBio 19419890 Thrombin MPBio 19491880 Elastase Calbiochem 324682 Urokinase Calbiochem 672112 Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) Calbiochem 612220 Chymase Enzo Lifescience BML-SE281 Dipeptidyl peptidase 7 (DPP7) R&D Systems 3438-SE Dipeptidyl peptidase 8 (DPP8) BPS Bioscience 80080 Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) BPS Bioscience 80090 Neutrophil elastase Calbiochem 324681 CathepsinA R&D Systems 1049-SE CathepsinG EMD Millipore 219373

50 μl of the diluted enzyme was mixed with 50 μl of inhibitor at various concentrations and 50 μl of corresponding buffer (Table 7). Reaction mixtures were incubated for 10 min at 37° C. Subsequently, 50 μl of corresponding substrate (Table 7) was added and absorbance or fluorescence was monitored for 30 min on SpectraMax M2 plate reader (Molecular Devices). 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) and leupeptin were used as positive controls. Rates of reaction were calculated and presented relative to “no treatment” control. IC50 values were calculated based on inhibitor concentration producing 50% of enzyme inhibition. IC50 values for selected BLIs are shown in Tables 8A and 8B. The results were compared to comparative compounds A and B:

TABLE 7 Enzyme substrates and buffers used in the study Substrate Enzyme Buffer Substrate conc, μM Trypsin 50 mM TrisHCl pH = 8.0, N-Bz-R-AMC 200 10 mM CaCl2, 100 mM NaCl Chymotrypsin 20 mM TrisHCl pH = 8, Suc-AAPF-AMC 10 150 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2 Plasmin 100 mM TrisHCl pH = 7.5, H-D-VLK-pNA 200 100 mM NaCl Thrombin 20 mM TrisHCl pH = 8, Benz-FVR-AMC 10 150 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2 Elastase 25 mM Tris-HCl pH pH 8.0 Suc-AAPA-pNA 50 Urokinase 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.5, NGK-pNA 100 38 mM NaCl Tissue 30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, GK-pNA 100 plasminogen 30 mM imidazole, 130 mM NaCl activator (TPA) Chymase 100 mM Tris pH 8.0, 2M NaCl, Suc-AAPF-AMC 40 0.01% Triton X-100 Dipeptidyl 50 mM Na—Ac pH 5.8 H-Lys-Pro-AMC 100 peptidase 7 (DPP7) Dipeptidyl 10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl2, Lys-Pro-AMC 100 peptidase 8 0.05% Tween-20 (DPP8) Dipeptidyl 25 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.1% BSA Lys-Pro-AMC 100 peptidase 9 (DPP9) Neutrophil 50 mM TrisHCl pH = 7.5; MeOSuc-AAVP-AMC 30 elastase 1M NaCl CathepsinA 25 mM MES, 5 mM DTT, pH 5.5 MCA-RPPGFSAFK-Dnp 10 CathepsinG 50 mM Na—Ac, pH 5.8, 2 mM EDTA, Suc-AAPF-AMC 100 1 mM DTT

TABLE 8A IC50 values (in μM) for serine proteases inhibition by selected BLIs IC50, uM Compound Trypsin Chymotrypsin Thrombin Plasmin Elastase Urokinase Chymase CPD A Z X X Z Z Z X CPD B ND Z Z ND ND ND Y 3 Z Z Z Z Z Z Y 4 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 8 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 5 Z Z Z Z Z Z Y 7 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 11 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z AEBSF 12.5 25 100 >200 222 8.2 375 Leupeptin <0.27 >200 15 5 >200 22 >200 X = IC50 of less than 300 μM Y = IC50 of 300 μM to 800 μM Z = IC50 of greater than 800 μM

TABLE 8B IC50 values (in μM) for serine proteases inhibition by selected BLIs IC50, uM Neutrophil Cathepsin Compound elastase CathepsinA G HtrA2 DPP7 DPP8 DPP9 CPD A Y X X Z Z Y Y CPD B Z Y Y ND ND Y Z 3 Y X X Z Z Z Z 4 Z Z Y Z Z Z Z 8 Z Y X Z Z Z Z 5 Z Y X Z Z Y Z 7 Z Y Y ND Z Y Z 11 Z Y Y ND Z Z Z 12 ND Y X ND ND ND ND 14 ND Y Y ND ND ND ND 15 ND Y Y ND ND ND ND AEBSF Z Y Z Z Z Z Z Leupeptin Y Y ND Z Y Y Y CathG ND ND X ND ND ND ND inhibitor X = IC50 of less than 15 μM Y = IC50 of 15 μM to 500 μM Z = IC50 of greater than 500 μM

Example 34 Serum Stability of Prodrugs

Prodrug strategy is one of the ways to achieve or increase oral bioavailability of therapeutic drugs. Compound 13 was used as template a for various ester prodrugs. After a prodrug molecule is absorbed into systemic circulation, the prodrug molecule can be hydrolyzed in the blood to release the active form. The hydrolysis of several prodrugs by rat and human serum were evaluated.

For all stability experiments the test compounds are treated with rat or human serum in Eppendorf tubes. One example of the testing procedures includes: 992 μl of serum was prewarmed at 37° C. for 2 minutes and then 8 μl of a compound (at 5 mg/ml, 125×) was added to get a final concentration of 40 μg/ml and immediately mixed. Alternatively, serum stability can be tested at 1 mg/ml. The tube was placed back in a 37 degree water bath and 100 μl-samples were taken at designated times and transferred directly into Eppendorf tubes containing 400 μl of precipitant solution (a 4.00 μg/mL solution of a standard compound (2-((3R,6S)-3-benzamido-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid)—in 10% water, 45% methanol and 45% acetonitrile). After vortexing for 30 seconds, the tube was centrifuged in a microcentrifuge for 10 minutes at 15K rpm. Next, 100 μl of the supernatant was combined with 600 μl of water and injected on LC-MS using 0.1% formic acid in water for mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid in methanol for mobile phase B on an ACE 5 C18 2.1×100 mm column with a 10 μL injection. The flow rate and gradient are adjusted as needed to give the desired resolution and run time. The pH of the mobile phase is adjusted if needed to improve the chromatography.

The time course of both the disappearance of a prodrug and the appearance of the active form of that prodrug is presented in Table 9a and Table 9b.

TABLE 9a The Time-course of hydrolysis of prodrugs by human serum Measured Measured Initial Initial Conc. in Conc. at Conc. at Conc. in Conc. at Conc. at Compound Serum t = 2 hr t = 4 hr Active Serum t = 2 hr t = 4 hr Name (ug/mL) (ug/mL) (ug/mL) Metabolite (ug/mL) (ug/mL) (ug/mL) 23 1860 1350 1000 13 305 538 596 24 1790 550 240 13 214 900 1089 25 27.3 NDT NDT 13 15 29.3 28.5 26 1520 920 790 13 220 415 583

TABLE 9b The Time-course of hydrolysis of prodrugs by rat serum Measured Measured Initial Conc. Conc. at Conc. at Initial Conc. Conc. at Conc. at Compound in Serum t = 2 hr t = 4 hr Active in Serum t = 2 hr t = 4 hr Name (ug/mL) (ug/mL) (ug/mL) Metabolite (ug/mL) (ug/mL) (ug/mL) 23 1780 1440 1100 13 286 428 486 24 1660 910 330 13 221 479 810 25 31.2 1.94 NDT 13 13.8 27.6 27.6 26 1380 1150 1080 13 189 253 298 NDT signifies below the quantifiable limit for this assay.

Example 35 Formation of Salts/Complexes of Boronic Acid Derivatives to Maintain the Monomeric Form

The compounds described herein were observed to form oligomers (such as dimers and trimers) in aqueous solution. The effect of additives that would form a salt or complex with the boronic acid derivatives was evaluated in order to identify those that would strongly favor the monomeric form at an acceptable pH for IV infusion (pH 4-8). A base or complexing agent was added to a dispersion of Compound 13 in water at the given concentration (Table 10), and the formed mixture was sonicated to provide a homogeneous solution. The pH of the resulting homogeneous solution was measured with a pH meter and the purity was monitored by HPLC.

Several bases and complexing agents were screened to identify those that would afford the highest monomer content as salt/complex with a desired pH. Oligomers were observed with one equivalent base or complexing agent. Oligomerization was more pronounced at higher concentrations with some bases and complexing agents. Among all the bases screened, the meglumine complex gave the highest percentage of monomeric form at the desired pH. A high percentage of monomeric form was observed at concentrations up to 50 mg/mL while the pH remained close to 7.

The results of salt/complex formation are shown in Table 10. When the concentration of Compound 13 was at 10 mg/m 1 and the pH of the solution is at 7.1, about 97.3% of the Compound 13 in the solution was in a monomeric form. When the concentration of Compound 13 was at 50 mg/m 1 and the pH of the solution is at 7.2, about 96.7% of the Compound 13 in the solution was in a monomeric form.

TABLE 10 List of Salt/Complexes of Compound 13 and their Solution pH and % Purity of Monomer. Concentration Monomer of Compound Equivalents purity by 13 (mg/mL) Salt/Complex of additive pH HPLC (%) 10 0.5N NaOH 1 7.3 51.3 10 0.5N NaOH 2 8.4 60.9 10 Ethanolamine 2 11 97.1 10 Diethanolamine 2 11 92.2 10 Tris 2 7.8 94.7 50 Tris 2 7.7 89.7 50 Tris 3 8.5 95.4 3 L-Lysine 2 8.9 97.3 2 Pyridine-2-methanol 2 5.5 78 10 Meglumine 2 7.1 97.3 50 Meglumine 2 7.2 96.7

Example 36 Intravenous Pharmacokinetics of Compounds

Rats (n=3 per compound) were administered by a single infusion. IV doses were infused over 0.5 hours via an indwelling femoral vein cannula. Plasma (˜0.3 mL) samples were collected from each rat at designated time points up to 24 hours. Blood samples were centrifuged within 5 min of collection at 12000 g for 5 min to obtain plasma. The plasma samples were stored at −80° C. until analyzed. Data were analyzed using WinNonlin.

TABLE 11 Intravenous Pharmacokinetics of select compounds Compound Dose (mg/kg) Free Cl (l/hr/kg) 3 20 2.45 4 20 1.73 8 10 2.10 5 20 1.71 7 20 3.64 12 10 2.74 13 20 2.47 16 10 0.87 19 10 1.25 22 20 0.57

Example 37 Oral Pharmacokinetics of Pro-Drugs of Compound 13

Rats (n=3 per compound) were administered a single oral dose. Oral doses were administered as a bolus. Plasma (˜0.3 mL) samples were collected from each rat at designated time points up to 24 hours. Blood samples were centrifuged within 5 min of collection at 12000 g for 5 min to obtain plasma. The plasma samples were stored at −80° C. until analyzed. Data were analyzed using WinNonlin.

TABLE 12 Bioavailability of Pro-Drugs of Compound 13 Dose of Compound Range of % Oral Compound 13 from Pro-Drug (mg/kg) Bioavailability (Average) 23 36 15-26 (18.9) 25 15 19-36 (29.6) 26 45 18-34 (26.2) 27 36 13-16 (14.2) 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (I.1):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: G is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR¹R², —CH₂N₃, —C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂S(O)₂NR¹R², —CH₂—Y—Z, —CH₂—Y—X, and —SR³; Y is selected from a group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —O—, and —NR¹—; R is selected from a group consisting of —H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR¹R²OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR¹R²OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl, and

R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H and —C₁₋₄alkyl; R³ is —C₁₋₄alkyl; R⁴ is present 1 to 3 times and each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —C₁₋₄alkyl, —OH, —O—C₁₋₄alkyl, —S—C₁₋₄alkyl, halogen, and —CF₃, Z is selected from the group consisting of aryl optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino, hydroxy, or halogen; heteroaryl optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino, hydroxy, or halogen; and heterocycle optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino, hydroxy, or halogen; X is selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₄alkyl, —CH₂R⁵, —CH(R⁵)₂, and —C(R⁵)₃; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of a halogen, cyano, and azido.
 2. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula (I):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof
 3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein: each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —C₁₋₄alkyl, —OH, —O—C₁₋₄alkyl, and halogen; and Z is selected from the group consisting of aryl optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino, hydroxy, or halogen and heteroaryl optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, amino, hydroxy, or halogen.
 4. The compound of claim 1 or 2, having the structure of Formula (Ia) or Formula (Ia.1):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 5. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein R is H.
 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein R is —CR¹R²OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl or —CR¹R²OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl.
 7. The compound of claim 6, where R is —CR¹R²OC(O)C₁₋₅alkyl or —CR¹R²OC(O)OC₁₋₅alkyl.
 8. The compound claim 6 or 7, wherein R¹ in R is H and R² in R is H or —CH₃.
 9. The compound of any one of claims 1-8, wherein R⁴ is selected from H, F, Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, and —SCH₃.
 10. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein G is H.
 11. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein G is —NH₂.
 12. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein G is —C(O)NR¹R² and R¹ and R² in G are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl.
 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R¹ in G is —CH₃ and R² in G is —CH₃.
 14. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein G is —CH₂C(O)NR¹R² and R¹ and R² in G are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl.
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein R¹ in G is —CH₃ and R² in G is H or —CH₃.
 16. The compound of claims 1-9, wherein: G is —CH₂—Y—Z; Y is —S—; and Z is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, N-methylimidazole, aminoimidazole, triazole, N-methyltriazole, aminotriazole, tetrazole, N-methyltetrazole, aminotetrazole, thiazole, aminothiazole, thiadiazole, aminothiadiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, azitidine and piperdine.
 17. The compound of claim 16, wherein Z is N-methyltetrazole.
 18. The compound of claim 16, wherein Z is thiadiazole.
 19. The compound of claim 16, wherein Z is aminothiadiazole.
 20. The compound of claim 16, wherein Z is azitidine.
 21. The compound of claims 1-9, wherein G is —CH₂—Y—X and Y is —S—.
 22. The compound of claim 21, wherein X is —CH₃.
 23. The compound of claim 21, wherein X is —CH₂CN.
 24. The compound of claim 21, wherein X is —CH₂N₃.
 25. The compound of claim 21, wherein X is —CH₂F.
 26. The compound of claim 21, wherein X is —CHF₂.
 27. The compound of claim 21, wherein X is —CF₃.
 28. The compound of claims 1-9, wherein G is —SCH₃.
 29. The compound of claim 1, having the structure selected from the group consisting of:

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 30. The compound of claim 1, having the structure selected from the group consisting of

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 31. The compound of claim 1, having the structure selected from the group consisting of

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 32. A compound having the structure of formula II or Formula II.1:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: G is selected from the group consisting of


33. The compound of claim 32 having the structure of Formula (II)

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:
 34. The compound of claim 32 or 33, wherein G is selected from the group consisting


35. The compound of claim 32, having the structure of Formula Ha to Formula IIa.1:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 36. The compound of any one of claims 32 to 35, having the structure selected from the group consisting of:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 37. The compound of any one of claims 32 to 35, having the structure selected from the group consisting of:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 38. The compound of any one of claims 32 to 35, having the structure of

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 39. The compound of any one of claims 32 to 35, wherein G is selected from the group consisting of


40. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-39 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 41. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 40, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
 42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 41, wherein the monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative is meglumine.
 43. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 40 to 42, further comprising an additional medicament.
 44. The composition of claim 43, wherein the additional medicament is selected from an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, or an anti-allergic agent.
 45. The composition of claim 44, wherein the additional medicament is a β-lactam antibacterial agent.
 46. The composition of claim 45, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Amoxicillin, Ampicillin (Pivampicillin, Hetacillin, Bacampicillin, Metampicillin, Talampicillin), Epicillin, Carbenicillin (Carindacillin), Ticarcillin, Temocillin, Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam), Sulbenicillin, Benzylpenicillin (G), Clometocillin, Benzathine, benzylpenicillin, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Azidocillin, Penamecillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, (V), Propicillin, Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, Pheneticillin, Cloxacillin (Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin), Oxacillin, Meticillin, Nafcillin, Faropenem, Tomopenem, Razupenem, Cefazolin, Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefaloglycin, Cefalonium, Cefaloridine, Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine, Cefazedone, Cefazaflur, Cefradine, Cefroxadine, Ceftezole, Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide, Cefotiam, Cefprozil, Cefbuperazone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefmetazole, Loracarbef, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefcapene, Cefdaloxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefetamet, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpimizole, Cefpiramide, Cefpodoxime, Cefsulodin, Cefteram, Ceftibuten, Ceftiolene, Ceftizoxime, Flomoxef, Latamoxef, Cefepime, Cefozopran, Cefpirome, Cefquinome, Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline, CXA-101, RWJ-54428, MC-04,546, ME1036, Ceftiofur, Cefquinome, Cefovecin, RWJ-442831, RWJ-333441, or RWJ-333442.
 47. The composition of claim 45, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Ceftazidime, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, or Panipenem.
 48. The composition of claim 45, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Aztreonam, Tigemonam, BAL30072, SYN 2416, or Carumonam.
 49. The composition of claim 45, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is a penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactam, bridged monobactam, or combination thereof.
 50. The composition of claim 49, wherein the penicillin is benzathine penicillin, benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, procaine, penicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, temocillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, co-amoxiclav, azlocillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, apalcillin, hetacillin, bacampicillin, sulbenicillin, mecicilam, pevmecillinam, ciclacillin, talapicillin, aspoxicillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin, pivampicillin, or a combination thereof.
 51. The composition of claim 49, wherein the cephalosporin is cephalothin, cephaloridin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephradine, ceftizoxime, cefoxitin, cephacetril, cefotiam, cefotaxime, cefsulodin, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, cefinenoxime, cefinetazole, cephaloglycin, cefonicid, cefodizime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefpiramide, cefbuperazone, cefozopran, cefepim, cefoselis, cefluprenam, cefuzonam, cefpimizole, cefclidin, cefixime, ceftibuten, cefdinir, cefpodoxime axetil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefteram pivoxil, cefetamet pivoxil, cefcapene pivoxil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, loracarbacef, latamoxef, or a combination thereof.
 52. The composition of claim 49, wherein the cephalosporin is an anti-MRSA cephalosporin.
 53. The composition of claim 49, wherein the anti-MRSA cephalosporin is cefiobiprole, cefiaroline, or a combination thereof.
 54. The composition of claim 49, wherein the carbapenem is imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, faropenem, doripenem, biapenem, panipenem, or a combination thereof.
 55. The composition of claim 49, wherein the carbapenem is an anti-MRSA carbapenem.
 56. The composition of claim 49, wherein the anti-MRSA carbapenem is PZ601 or ME1036.
 57. The composition of claim 49, wherein the monobactam is aztreonam, carumonam, BAL30072, or a combination thereof.
 58. A method of treating or preventing a bacterial infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a compound according to any one of claims 1-39.
 59. The method of claim 58, further comprising administering to the subject an additional medicament.
 60. The method of claim 58 or 59, wherein the additional medicament is selected from an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, or an anti-allergic agent.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the additional medicament is a β-lactam antibacterial agent.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Amoxicillin, Ampicillin (Pivampicillin, Hetacillin, Bacampicillin, Metampicillin, Talampicillin), Epicillin, Carbenicillin (Carindacillin), Ticarcillin, Temocillin, Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam), Sulbenicillin, Benzylpenicillin (G), Clometocillin, Benzathine, benzylpenicillin, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Azidocillin, Penamecillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, (V), Propicillin, Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, Pheneticillin, Cloxacillin (Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin), Oxacillin, Meticillin, Nafcillin, Faropenem, Tomopenem, Razupenem, Cefazolin, Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefaloglycin, Cefalonium, Cefaloridine, Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine, Cefazedone, Cefazaflur, Cefradine, Cefroxadine, Ceftezole, Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide, Cefotiam, Cefprozil, Cefbuperazone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefmetazole, Loracarbef, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefcapene, Cefdaloxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefetamet, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpimizole, Cefpiramide, Cefpodoxime, Cefsulodin, Cefteram, Ceftibuten, Ceftiolene, Ceftizoxime, Flomoxef, Latamoxef, Cefepime, Cefozopran, Cefpirome, Cefquinome, Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline, CXA-101, RWJ-54428, MC-04,546, ME1036, Ceftiofur, Cefquinome, Cefovecin, RWJ-442831, RWJ-333441, or RWJ-333442.
 63. The method of claim 61, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Ceftazidime, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, or Panipenem.
 64. The method of claim 61, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Aztreonam, Tigemonam, BAL30072, SYN 2416, or Carumonam.
 65. The method of claim 61, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is a penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactam, bridged monobactam, or combination thereof.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the penicillin is benzathine penicillin, benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, procaine, penicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, temocillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, co-amoxiclav, azlocillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, apalcillin, hetacillin, bacampicillin, sulbenicillin, mecicilam, pevmecillinam, ciclacillin, talapicillin, aspoxicillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin, pivampicillin, or a combination thereof.
 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the cephalosporin is cephalothin, cephaloridin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephradine, ceftizoxime, cefoxitin, cephacetril, cefotiam, cefotaxime, cefsulodin, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, cefinenoxime, cefinetazole, cephaloglycin, cefonicid, cefodizime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefpiramide, cefbuperazone, cefozopran, cefepim, cefoselis, cefluprenam, cefuzonam, cefpimizole, cefclidin, cefixime, ceftibuten, cefdinir, cefpodoxime axetil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefteram pivoxil, cefetamet pivoxil, cefcapene pivoxil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, loracarbacef, latamoxef, or a combination thereof.
 68. The method of claim 65, wherein the cephalosporin is an anti-MRSA cephalosporin.
 69. The method of claim 65, wherein the anti-MRSA cephalosporin is cefiobiprole, cefiaroline, or a combination thereof.
 70. The method of claim 65, wherein the carbapenem is imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, faropenem, doripenem, biapenem, panipenem, or a combination thereof.
 71. The method of claim 65, wherein the carbapenem is an anti-MRSA carbapenem.
 72. The method of claim 65, wherein the anti-MRSA carbapenem is PZ601 or ME1036.
 73. The method of claim 65, wherein the monobactam is aztreonam, carumonam, BAL30072, or a combination thereof.
 74. The method of any one of claims 58 to 73, wherein the subject is a mammal.
 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the mammal is a human.
 76. The method of any one of claims 58 to 75, wherein the infection comprises a bacteria selected from Pseudomonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Burkholderia cepacia, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Francisella tularensis, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella para pertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus ducreyi, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Branhamella catarrhalis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Kingella, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides 3452A homology group, Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, or Staphylococcus saccharolyticus.
 77. The method of any one of claims 58 to 75, wherein the infection comprises a bacteria selected from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas jluorescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella jlexneri, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter caicoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia intermedia, Haemophilus injluenzae, Haemophilus parainjluenzae, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides ovalus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides eggerthii, or Bacteroides splanchnicus.
 78. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative or monosaccharide derivative and a compound of Formula (III):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: A is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl; X^(a) is —C(R^(g)R^(h))—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —NR¹—; R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, optionally substituted —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —C(O)OR, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, optionally substituted —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)NR¹R², —S(O)₂NR¹R², —CN, optionally substituted —S(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and a carboxylic acid isoster; R^(b) is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, optionally substituted —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —C(O)OR, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, optionally substituted —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)NR¹R², —S(O)₂NR¹R², —CN, optionally substituted —S(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and a carboxylic acid isoster, and R^(c) is selected from the group consisting of —OH, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, or R^(b) and R^(c) together with intervening atoms form a 5-8 membered boron ester ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected from Oxygen (O), Sulfur(S) or Nitrogen (N); R^(d) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, or when R^(b) and R^(c) do not together form a 5-8 membered boron ester ring, then optionally R^(c) and R^(d) together with intervening atoms form a 5-15 membered boron ester or amide ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N; R^(e) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, or R^(d) and R^(e) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8 membered heterocyclic ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N; R^(f) is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, —C(O)G, —C(O)OG, —S(O)₂G, —C(═NR¹R²)G, —C(═NOR³)G, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl; R^(g) and R^(h) are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —SC₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —NR¹C(O)R⁵, —NR¹S(O)₂R³, —C(O)R⁵, —C(O)OR³-alkylaryl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted —O—C₆₋₁₀aryl, —CN, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, —S(O)(R³)R⁴, —S(O)₂R³, —R¹—O—COOR³, or R^(g) and R^(h) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or a 4-8 membered heterocyclyl; R is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR⁵R⁶OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR⁵R⁶OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl, and

G is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —NR¹R², —CH₂N₃, —C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂S(O)₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—Z, —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—X, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—C(O)NR¹R², —SR³, —CH₂NR¹C(O)R⁵, —C(═NOR³)—X, —C(═NOR³)—Z, —C(O)OR³, —C(O)—X, —C(O)—Z, —S(O)₂R³, —C(O)NR¹OR³, —NR¹(OR³), —NR¹C(O)R³, —NR¹C(O)NR²R^(1a), —NR¹C(O)OR³, —NR¹S(O)₂R³, —NR¹S(O)₂NR²R^(1a), —NR¹NR²R^(1a), —C(O)NR¹NR²R^(1a), —S(O)₂NR¹NR²R^(1a), —C(═NR¹)R⁵, —C(═NR¹)NR²R^(1a), —NR¹CR³(═NR²), and —NR¹C(═NR²)NR^(1a)R^(2a), optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; X is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₉alkyl; Y is selected from a group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —CH₂—, —O—, —O—CH₂—, —C(O)—, and —NR¹—; Z is selected from optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; each R¹, R², R^(1a) and R^(2a) are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally substituted —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl-COOH, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; each R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, —optionally substituted alkoxyl, optionally substituted —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; R⁴ is present 1 to 5 times and each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, halogen, —CF₃, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, C₃-C₇ carbocyclyl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryloxy, sulfhydryl (mercapto), and —CH₂)_(m)—Y′—(CH₂)_(p)M′; m and p are independently 0 to 3; Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —O—, —CR⁵R⁶—, and —NR¹—; M′ is selected from the group consisting of —C(O)NR¹R²; —C(O)NR¹OR³; —NR¹C(O)R⁵; —NR¹C(O)NR²R^(1a); NR¹C(O)OR³; —NR¹S(O)₂R³; —NR¹S(O)₂NR²R^(1a); C(═NR¹)R⁵; C(NR¹)NR²R^(1a); —NR¹CR⁵(═NR²); NR¹C(═NR)NR^(1a)R^(2a); C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; C₆₋₁₀ aryl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; and 4 to 10 membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; and each n is independently 0-3.
 79. The composition of claim 78, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, naphthalenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, tetralinyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, indanyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, indolyl and thienyl.
 80. The composition of claim 78 or 79, wherein the compound of formula (III) has the structure of Formula (IIIa):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein J, L, and M are independently selected from the group consisting of CR⁴ and N.
 81. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 80, wherein R^(b) is —OH or optionally substituted —OC₁₋₆alkyl.
 82. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 81, wherein R^(c) is —OH or optionally substituted —OC₁₋₆alkyl.
 83. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 82, wherein R^(c) is —OH and R^(d) is —OH.
 84. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 80, wherein R^(b) and R^(c) together with intervening atoms form a 5-8 membered boron ester ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected from Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S) or Nitrogen (N).
 85. The composition of claim 84, wherein the compound of formula (III) has the structure of Formula (IIIb):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein J, L, and M are independently selected from the group consisting of CR⁴ and N.
 86. The composition of claim 85, wherein the compound of formula (III) has the structure of Formula (IIIc):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 87. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 86, wherein R^(a) is C(O)OR and R is —O(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)—C₁₋₉ alkyl.
 88. The composition of claim 87, wherein R is —OCH₂OC(O)—C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₂OC(O)—CH(CH₃)₂, or —OCH₂OC(O)—(CH₂)_(n)CH₃.
 89. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 86, wherein R^(a) is C(O)OH.
 90. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 82 and 84 to 89, wherein R^(d) is selected from hydrogen, —OH, halogen, —COOR, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹.
 91. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 82 and 84 to 90, wherein R^(d) is —OH or optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 92. The composition of claim 91, wherein R^(d) is —OH.
 93. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 92, wherein R^(e) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.
 94. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 93, wherein R^(f) is independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)G, —C(O)OG, and —S(O)₂G.
 95. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 94, wherein R^(f) is independently selected from —C(O)G or —C(O)OG.
 96. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is selected from the group consisting of


97. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —NH₂.
 98. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —NH—C₁₋₄alkyl.
 99. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —C(O)NR¹R² and R¹ and R² in G are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl.
 100. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —CH₂C(O)NR¹R² and R¹ and R² in G are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl.
 101. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —O—(CH₂)_(n)—C(O)NR¹R²; n in G is 0-3; and R¹ and R² in G are each independently selected from —H and C₁₋₄alkyl.
 102. The composition of claim 101, wherein G is —O—CH₂—C(O)NH₂.
 103. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—Z; n in G is 0-3, Y is —S—; and Z is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, N-methylimidazole, aminoimidazole, triazole, N-methyl triazole, aminotriazole, tetrazole, N-methyltetrazole, aminotetrazole, thiazole, aminothiazole, thiadiazole, aminothiadiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, azetidine and piperdine, each optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen.
 104. The composition of claim 103, wherein n in G is
 0. 105. The composition of claim 103, wherein n in G is
 1. 106. The composition of claim 103, wherein Z is thiadiazole optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen.
 107. The composition of claim 103, wherein Z is aminothiadiazole optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen.
 108. The composition of claim 103, wherein Z is azitidine optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen.
 109. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—X; n in G is 0-3; Y is —S—; and X is hydrogen or optionally C₁₋₄alkyl.
 110. The composition of claim 109, wherein n in G is
 0. 111. The composition of claim 109, wherein n in G is
 1. 112. The composition of claim 109, wherein X is —CH₃.
 113. The composition of claim 109, wherein X is —CH₂CN.
 114. The composition of claim 109, wherein X is —CH₂N₃.
 115. The composition of claim 109, wherein X is —CH₂F.
 116. The composition of claim 109, wherein X is —CHF₂.
 117. The composition of claim 109, wherein X is —CF₃.
 118. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—Z; n in G is 0-3, Y is —CH₂—, —O—, —O—CH₂—, —C(O)—; and Z is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, napthal, indole, pyrrolidine, thiophene, cyclopropyl, or cyclohexyl, each optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₄alkyl, —NR¹R², hydroxy, or halogen.
 119. The composition of claim 118, wherein n in G is
 1. 120. The composition of claim 118, wherein n in G is
 2. 121. The composition of claim 118, wherein Z is selected from


122. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 95, wherein G is —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—X; n in G is 0-3; Y is —O— or —CH₂—; and X is C₁₋₄alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, cyano, or azido.
 123. The composition of claim 122, wherein n in G is 0 and Y is —O—.
 124. The composition of claim 122, wherein n in G is
 1. 125. The composition of claim 122, wherein n in G is
 2. 126. The composition of claim 122, wherein X is optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl.
 127. The composition of claim 78, wherein the compound of formula (III) has the structure selected from the group consisting of

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 128. The composition of claim 78, wherein the compound of formula (III) has the structure selected from the group consisting of

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 129. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 128, wherein the monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative is meglumine.
 130. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 128, wherein the pH of the composition is in the range of about 5 to about
 9. 131. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 128, wherein the pH of the composition is in the range of about 6 to about
 8. 132. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 128, wherein the pH of the composition is in the range of about 6 to about 7.5.
 133. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 128, wherein the pH of the composition is in the range of about 7.1 to about 7.3.
 134. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 128, wherein the pH of the composition is about 7.2.
 135. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 134, further comprising an additional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 136. The composition of any one of claims 78 to 135, further comprising one or more additional medicament.
 137. The composition of claim 136, the additional medicament is selected from an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, or an anti-allergic agent.
 138. The composition of claim 137, wherein the additional medicament is a β-lactam antibacterial agent.
 139. The composition of claim 138, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Amoxicillin, Ampicillin (Pivampicillin, Hetacillin, Bacampicillin, Metampicillin, Talampicillin), Epicillin, Carbenicillin (Carindacillin), Ticarcillin, Temocillin, Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam), Sulbenicillin, Benzylpenicillin (G), Clometocillin, Benzathine, benzylpenicillin, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Azidocillin, Penamecillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, (V), Propicillin, Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, Pheneticillin, Cloxacillin (Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin), Oxacillin, Meticillin, Nafcillin, Faropenem, Tomopenem, Razupenem, Cefazolin, Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefaloglycin, Cefalonium, Cefaloridine, Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine, Cefazedone, Cefazaflur, Cefradine, Cefroxadine, Ceftezole, Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide, Cefotiam, Cefprozil, Cefbuperazone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefmetazole, Loracarbef, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefcapene, Cefdaloxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefetamet, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpimizole, Cefpiramide, Cefpodoxime, Cefsulodin, Cefteram, Ceftibuten, Ceftiolene, Ceftizoxime, Flomoxef, Latamoxef, Cefepime, Cefozopran, Cefpirome, Cefquinome, Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline, CXA-101, RWJ-54428, MC-04,546, ME1036, Ceftiofur, Cefquinome, Cefovecin, RWJ-442831, RWJ-333441, or RWJ-333442.
 140. The composition of claim 138, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Ceftazidime, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, or Panipenem.
 141. The composition of claim 138, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Aztreonam, Tigemonam, BAL30072, SYN 2416, or Carumonam.
 142. The composition of claim 138, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is a penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactam, bridged monobactam, or combination thereof, wherein the penicillin is benzathine penicillin, benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, procaine, penicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, temocillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, co-amoxiclav, azlocillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, apalcillin, hetacillin, bacampicillin, sulbenicillin, mecicilam, pevmecillinam, ciclacillin, talapicillin, aspoxicillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin, pivampicillin, or a combination thereof.
 143. The composition of claim 142, wherein the cephalosporin is cephalothin, cephaloridin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephradine, ceftizoxime, cefoxitin, cephacetril, cefotiam, cefotaxime, cefsulodin, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, cefinenoxime, cefinetazole, cephaloglycin, cefonicid, cefodizime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefpiramide, cefbuperazone, cefozopran, cefepim, cefoselis, cefluprenam, cefuzonam, cefpimizole, cefclidin, cefixime, ceftibuten, cefdinir, cefpodoxime axetil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefteram pivoxil, cefetamet pivoxil, cefcapene pivoxil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, loracarbacef, latamoxef, or a combination thereof.
 144. The composition of claim 142, wherein the cephalosporin is an anti-MRSA cephalosporin.
 145. The composition of claim 144, wherein the anti-MRSA cephalosporin is cefiobiprole, cefiaroline, or a combination thereof.
 146. The composition of claim 142, wherein the carbapenem is imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, faropenem, doripenem, biapenem, panipenem, or a combination thereof.
 147. The composition of claim 146, wherein the carbapenem is an anti-MRSA carbapenem.
 148. The composition of claim 147, wherein the anti-MRSA carbapenem is PZ601 or ME1036.
 149. The composition of claim 142, wherein the monobactam is aztreonam, carumonam, BAL30072, or a combination thereof.
 150. A method of treating or preventing a bacterial infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a composition according to any one of claims 78-149.
 151. The method of claim 150, further comprising administering to the subject an additional medicament.
 152. The method of claim 150 or 151, wherein the additional medicament is selected from an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, or an anti-allergic agent.
 153. The method of claim 152, wherein the additional medicament is a β-lactam antibacterial agent.
 154. The method of claim 153, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Amoxicillin, Ampicillin (Pivampicillin, Hetacillin, Bacampicillin, Metampicillin, Talampicillin), Epicillin, Carbenicillin (Carindacillin), Ticarcillin, Temocillin, Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam), Sulbenicillin, Benzylpenicillin (G), Clometocillin, Benzathine, benzylpenicillin, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Azidocillin, Penamecillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, (V), Propicillin, Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, Pheneticillin, Cloxacillin (Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin), Oxacillin, Meticillin, Nafcillin, Faropenem, Tomopenem, Razupenem, Cefazolin, Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefaloglycin, Cefalonium, Cefaloridine, Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine, Cefazedone, Cefazaflur, Cefradine, Cefroxadine, Ceftezole, Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide, Cefotiam, Cefprozil, Cefbuperazone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefmetazole, Loracarbef, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefcapene, Cefdaloxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefetamet, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpimizole, Cefpiramide, Cefpodoxime, Cefsulodin, Cefteram, Ceftibuten, Ceftiolene, Ceftizoxime, Flomoxef, Latamoxef, Cefepime, Cefozopran, Cefpirome, Cefquinome, Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline, CXA-101, RWJ-54428, MC-04,546, ME1036, Ceftiofur, Cefquinome, Cefovecin, RWJ-442831, RWJ-333441, or RWJ-333442.
 155. The method of claim 153, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Ceftazidime, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, or Panipenem.
 156. The method of claim 153, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is selected from Aztreonam, Tigemonam, BAL30072, SYN 2416, or Carumonam.
 157. The method of claim 153, wherein the β-lactam antibacterial agent is a penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactam, bridged monobactam, or combination thereof.
 158. The method of claim 157, wherein the penicillin is benzathine penicillin, benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, procaine, penicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, temocillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, co-amoxiclav, azlocillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, apalcillin, hetacillin, bacampicillin, sulbenicillin, mecicilam, pevmecillinam, ciclacillin, talapicillin, aspoxicillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin, pivampicillin, or a combination thereof.
 159. The method of claim 157, wherein the cephalosporin is cephalothin, cephaloridin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephradine, ceftizoxime, cefoxitin, cephacetril, cefotiam, cefotaxime, cefsulodin, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, cefinenoxime, cefinetazole, cephaloglycin, cefonicid, cefodizime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefpiramide, cefbuperazone, cefozopran, cefepim, cefoselis, cefluprenam, cefuzonam, cefpimizole, cefclidin, cefixime, ceftibuten, cefdinir, cefpodoxime axetil, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefteram pivoxil, cefetamet pivoxil, cefcapene pivoxil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, loracarbacef, latamoxef, or a combination thereof.
 160. The method of claim 157, wherein the cephalosporin is an anti-MRSA cephalosporin.
 161. The method of claim 160, wherein the anti-MRSA cephalosporin is cefiobiprole, cefiaroline, or a combination thereof.
 162. The method of claim 157, wherein the carbapenem is imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, faropenem, doripenem, biapenem, panipenem, or a combination thereof.
 163. The method of claim 157, wherein the carbapenem is an anti-MRSA carbapenem.
 164. The method of claim 163, wherein the anti-MRSA carbapenem is PZ601 or ME1036.
 165. The method of claim 157, wherein the monobactam is aztreonam, carumonam, BAL30072, or a combination thereof.
 166. The method of any one of claims 150 to 165, wherein the subject is a mammal.
 167. The method of claim 166, wherein the mammal is a human.
 168. The method of any one of claims 150 to 167, wherein the infection comprises a bacteria selected from Pseudomonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Burkholderia cepacia, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Francisella tularensis, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella para pertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus ducreyi, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Branhamella catarrhalis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Kingella, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides 3452A homology group, Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, or Staphylococcus saccharolyticus.
 169. The method of any one of claims 150 to 167, wherein the infection comprises a bacteria selected from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas jluorescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella jlexneri, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter caicoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia intermedia, Haemophilus injluenzae, Haemophilus parainjluenzae, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides ovalus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides eggerthii, or Bacteroides splanchnicus.
 170. A chemical complex, comprising a complex between a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative and a compound having the structure of formula (III):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: A is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heterocyclyl; X^(a) is —C(R^(g)R^(h))—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —NR¹—; R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, optionally substituted —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —C(O)OR, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, optionally substituted —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)NR¹R², —S(O)₂NR¹R², —CN, optionally substituted —S(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and a carboxylic acid isoster; R^(b) is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, optionally substituted —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —C(O)OR, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, optionally substituted —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)NR¹R², —S(O)₂NR¹R², —CN, optionally substituted —S(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and a carboxylic acid isoster, and R^(c) is selected from the group consisting of —OH, optionally substituted O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, or R^(b) and R^(c) together with intervening atoms form a 5-8 membered boron ester ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected from Oxygen (O), Sulfur(S) or Nitrogen (N); R^(d) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NR¹R², and —N(OR³)R¹, or when R^(b) and R^(c) do not together form a 5-8 membered boron ester ring, then optionally R^(c) and R^(d) together with intervening atoms form a 5-15 membered boron ester or amide ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N; R^(e) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, or R^(d) and R^(e) together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-8 membered heterocyclic ring, optionally comprising additional 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N; R^(f) is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, —C(O)G, —C(O)OG, —S(O)₂G, —C(═NR¹R²)G, —C(═NOR³)G, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl; R^(g) and R^(h) are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —SC₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —NR¹C(O)R⁵, —NR¹S(O)₂R³, —C(O)R⁵, —C(O)OR³-alkylaryl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted —O—C₆₋₁₀aryl, —CN, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, —S(O)(R³)R⁴, —S(O)₂R³, —R¹—O—COOR³, or R^(g) and R^(h) together with the carbon to which they are attached form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or a 4-8 membered heterocyclyl; R is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR⁵R⁶OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —CR⁵R⁶OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl, and

G is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —NR¹R², —CH₂N₃, —C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂C(O)NR¹R², —CH₂S(O)₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—Z, —(CH₂)_(n)—Y—X, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—C(O)NR¹R², —SR³, —CH₂NR¹C(O)R⁵, —C(═NOR³)—X, —C(═NOR³)—Z, —C(O)OR³, —C(O)—X, —C(O)—Z, —S(O)₂R³, —C(O)NR¹OR³, —NR¹(OR³), —NR¹C(O)R³, —NR¹C(O)NR²R^(1a), —NR¹C(O)OR³, —NR¹S(O)₂R³, —NR¹S(O)₂NR²R^(1a), —NR¹NR²R^(1a), —C(O)NR¹NR²R^(1a), —S(O)₂NR¹NR²R^(1a), —C(═NR¹)R⁵, —C(═NR¹)NR²R^(1a), —NR¹CR³(═NR²), and —NR¹C(═NR²)NR^(1a)R^(2a), optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; X is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₉alkyl; Y is selected from a group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —CH₂—, —O—, —O—CH₂—, —C(O)—, and —NR¹—; Z is selected from optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; each R¹, R², R^(1a) and R^(2a) are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, optionally substituted —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl-COOH, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; each R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, —optionally substituted alkoxyl, optionally substituted —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, and optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; R⁴ is present 1 to 5 times and each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, halogen, —CF₃, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, C₃-C₇ carbocyclyl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryloxy, sulfhydryl (mercapto), and —(CH₂)_(m)—Y′—(CH₂)_(p)M′; m and p are independently 0 to 3; Y′ is selected from the group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —O—, —CR⁵R⁶—, and —NR¹—; M′ is selected from the group consisting of —C(O)NR¹R²; —C(O)NR¹OR³; —NR¹C(O)R⁵; —NR¹C(O)NR²R^(1a); —NR¹C(O)OR³; —NR¹S(O)₂R³; —NR¹S(O)₂NR²R^(1a); —C(═NR¹)R⁵; —C(═NR¹)NR²R^(1a); —NR¹CR⁵(═NR²); —NR¹C(═NR²)NR^(1a)R^(2a); C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; C₆₋₁₀ aryl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR³, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; and 4 to 10 membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹, —NR¹R², halogen, —C(O)NR¹R², and —NR¹C(O)R⁵; and each n is independently 0-3.
 171. The chemical complex of claim 170, wherein the monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative is meglumine. 